Chapter 25 PDF

Preview

Summary

test bank chapter...

Description

Exam Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 25.1

Using Figure 25.1, match the following: 1) Glomerulus. Answer: C 2) Afferent arteriole. Answer: A 3) Collecting duct. Answer: B 4) Nephron loop. Answer: E

1

5) Peritubular capillaries. Answer: D 6) Structure most closely associated with granular cells. Answer: A 7) Which label marks a structure at the medulla of the kidney? Answer: E

Figure 25.2

Using Figure 25.2, match the following: 8) Podocyte. Answer: B 9) Is composed of simple squamous epithelium. Answer: A 10) Collecting duct cells. Answer: C

2

11) Proximal convoluted tubule cells. Answer: E 12) Filtrate at the site of these cells is about the same osmolarity as blood plasma. Answer: E 13) Cells that are the most active in reabsorbing the filtrate. Answer: E 14) Cells that reabsorb virtually all the nutrients. Answer: E 15) Cells that are most affected by ADH. Answer: C 16) Almost no water is absorbed in these cells. Answer: D MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following: 17) Proximal convoluted tubule. Answer: A 18) Glomerulus.

A) Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs B) Site of filtrate formation

Answer: B 19) Peritubular capillaries.

C) Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule

Answer: D 20) Collecting duct.

D) Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

Answer: C Match the following: 21) Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

A) Peritubular capillaries B) Afferent arterioles

Answer: A 22) High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule. Answer: B

3

23) May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels. Answer: C

A) Vasa recta B) Glomerular capillaries

24) Play a role in urine concentration.

C) Efferent arterioles

Answer: A 25) Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells. Answer: B TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

26) If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine. Answer:

True

False

27) In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the nephron loop of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically. Answer:

True

False

28) The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter. Answer:

True

False

29) Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption. Answer:

True

False

30) The position of the kidneys behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal. Answer:

True

False

31) The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron. Answer:

True

False

32) Both the male and female urethras serve both the urinary and the reproductive systems. Answer:

True

False

33) The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding. Answer:

True

False

34) Glomerular filtration is an ATP- driven process. Answer:

True

False

4

35) In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water. Answer:

True

False

36) The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH. Answer:

True

False

37) The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle. Answer:

True

False

38) High blood pressure triggers granular cells of the juxtaglomerular complex to release renin. Answer:

True

False

39) Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate. Answer:

True

False

40) Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water. Answer:

True

False

41) The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct. Answer:

True

False

42) Salt is actively transported out of the filtrate in the nephron loop. Answer:

True

False

43) Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. Answer:

True

False

44) The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch. Answer:

True

False

45) An excessive urine output is called anuria. Answer:

True

False

46) Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH. Answer:

True

False

47) The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder. Answer:

True

False

48) Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption. Answer:

True

False

49) The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate. Answer:

True

False

50) Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer. Answer:

True

False

5

51) Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient. Answer:

True

False

52) Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis. Answer:

True

False

53) Cortical nephrons are responsible for producing concentrated urine. Answer:

True

False

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

54) Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria? A) Cells of the PCT go through a great deal of mitosis. B) This provides the energy needed to fight kidney infection. C) A great deal of active transport takes place in the PCT. D) Contraction of the PCT moves filtrate through the tubule. Answer: C 55) What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? A) They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed. B) They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help actively excrete toxins. C) Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules. D) They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption. Answer: A 56) The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. A) aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule B) is easily broken and replaced often C) aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste D) helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space Answer: A 57) The relatively long half- life of lipid- soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water- soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid- soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half- life. A) The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate. B) The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane. C) Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane. D) Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys. Answer: C

6

58) The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? A) damage to the filtration membrane B) high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues C) damage to the renal tubules D) too much protein in the diet Answer: A 59) Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does NOT explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. A) The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. B) The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. C) The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole. D) The flow of blood is reduced as blood reaches the efferent arteriole. Answer: A 60) Cells and transport proteins are physically prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. This has the following effect on filtration. A) increasing osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries that reduces the amount of filtration B) neutral change in osmotic pressure with no effect on filtration C) increased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that draws plasma through the membrane D) decreased osmotic pressure in the filtrate that increases the amount of filtration Answer: A 61) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Urine output will increase. B) Net filtration pressure will increase. C) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. D) Systemic blood pressure will go up. Answer: D 62) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation), which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Urine output will decrease. B) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. C) Net filtration pressure will decrease. D) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. Answer: B 63) If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. B) Urine output will decrease. C) Systemic blood pressure will decrease. D) Net filtration pressure will decrease. Answer: C 64) If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction), which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Systemic blood pressure will go up. B) Glomerular filtration rate will increase. C) Net filtration pressure will increase. D) Urine output will increase. Answer: A

7

65) If the glomerular mesangial cells contract, reducing the overall surface area of the glomerulus, which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Urine output will decrease. B) Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. C) Net filtration rate will decrease. D) Systemic blood pressure will be lowered. Answer: D 66) If blood pressure drops very low (MAP is below 80mmHg) renin enzyme will be secreted by granular cells. Which of the following is NOT likely to occur? A) Kidney perfusion will increase. B) Blood plasma and extracellular fluids volume will increase. C) Net filtration pressure (NFP) will decrease. D) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will decrease. Answer: A 67) Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney? A) Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure. B) Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes. C) Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR. D) Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways. Answer: C 68) Reabsorption of nutrients like glucose and amino acids takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) via cotransporters that utilize secondary active transport. Which of the following would stop the reabsorption of glucose at the apical surface of the cells in the PCT? A) loss of Na+- K+ ATPase in the basolateral surface of PCT cells B) increasing Na+ concentration in the filtrate C) loss of K+ leak channels at the apical surface D) increasing Na+ in the interstitial fluid Answer: A 69) Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does NOT describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. A) increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole B) leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium C) lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary D) higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary Answer: B 70) The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties o the ________. A) glomerular filtration membrane B) collecting duct C) distal convoluted tubule D) nephron loop Answer: D

8

71) Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a vasa recta B) a fenestrated capillary C) an efferent arteriole D) a podocyte Answer: A 72) An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________. A) decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma B) decrease in the production of ADH C) increase in the production of aldosterone D) increase in the production of ADH Answer: D 73) The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium. A) transitional C) pseudostratified columnar

B) simple squamous D) stratified squamous

Answer: A 74) The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________. A) when the specific gravity of urine rises above 1.10 B) when the peritubular capillaries are dilated C) by a decrease in the blood pressure D) when the pH of the urine decreases Answer: C 75) Which of the choices below is NOT a function of the urinary system? A) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood Answer: A 76) The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney. A) interlobar B) cortical radiate C) lobar D) arcuate Answer: D 77) The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________. A) has a blood pressure much lower than other organ systems B) has a basement membrane C) is drained by an efferent arteriole D) is impermeable to most substances Answer: C 78) The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. A) is not permeable to water B) pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule C) is freely permeable to sodium and urea D) contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla Answer: D

9

79) Select the correct statement about the ureters. A) The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract. B) The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only. C) The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch. D) Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine. Answer: A 80) The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________. A) is necessary as a barrier between the adrenal glands and kidneys B) produces vitamin D and other chemicals needed by the kidney C) stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position D) ensures adequate energy for the adrenal glands to operate efficiently Answer: C 81) The renal corpuscle is made up of ________. A) the renal pyramid C) the descending nephron loop

B) Bowman's capsule and glomerulus D) the renal papilla

Answer: B 82) The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. A) nephron B) capsular space C) nephron loop D) glomerular capsule Answer: A 83) Which of the following does NOT describe the juxtaglomerular complex? A) It helps control systemic blood pressure. B) Its granular cells produce rennin. C) It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. D) Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. Answer: D 84) The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. A) the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) C) protein- regulated diffusion D) the ionic electrochemical gradient Answer: B 85) Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder B) motor neurons C) the sympathetic efferents D) the stretching of the bladder wall Answer: D 86) The filtration membrane includes all EXCEPT ________. A) glomerular endothelium C) basement membrane

B) podocytes D) renal fascia

Answer: D 87) The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. A) filtration B) osmosis C) cotransport with sodium ions D) active transport Answer: B

10

88) The glomerular capsular space contains ________. A) filtrate B) plasma

C) blood

D) urine

Answer: A 89) The macula densa cells respond to ________. A) aldosterone

B) changes in Na+ content of the filtrate

C) antidiuretic hormone

D) changes in pressure in the tubule

Answer: B 90) Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) glucose B) K+ C) creatinine

D) Na+

Answer: C 91) The fluid in glomerular capsule is similar to plasma except that it does NOT contain a significant amount of ________. A) glucose B) electrolytes C) plasma protein D) hormones Answer: C 92) Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. A) increases secretion of ADH C) increases the rate of glomerular filtration

B) is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells D) inhibits the release of ADH

Answer: D 93) The function of angiotensin II is to ________. A) decrease arterial blood pressure C) decrease the production of aldosterone

B) decrease water absorption D) constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

Answer: D 94) An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________. A) slightly higher than water B) less than water C) much higher than water D) the same as water Answer: A 95) Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct A) 3, 1, 2, 6, 5, 4

B) 6, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

C) 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Answer: C

11

D) 2, 1, 3, 6, 5, 4

96) Select the correct statement about the nephrons. A) Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line t...