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Chapter 3—The Biological Bases of Behaviour MULTIPLE CHOICE

Which cells in the nervous system do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information? a. neurons b. neurotransmitters c. neurilemma d. neuroblasts 1.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Remember

2. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the structure and function of all neurons in your central nervous system? a. All neurons contain a cell body and an axon, and may have other structures. b. All neurons receive information via one or more dendrites and send information via one or more axons. c. All neurons synapse onto another neuron in order to transmit an electrical signal. d. All neurons receive and send information. ANS: D

a. b. c. d.

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

3. Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of neurons? integrating information generating information transmitting information receiving information

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

What are three basic components of most neurons? vesicles, terminal buttons, synapses myelin, nodes, axon terminals cell body, axon, dendrites hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain 4.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Remember

Which neuronal structures are analogous to branches on a tree? dendrites axons nuclei cell bodies 5.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

6. On a typical neuron, which structure receives the information, and which structure sends information to other neurons? a. dendrites receive; axons send b. axons send; synapses receive c. dendrites receive; synapses send d. axons receive; dendrites send ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Remember

7. In computers, the keyboard receives input and passes that information along to the computer’s central processing unit (CPU). What would the keyboard be equivalent to, in comparing a computer to a neuron? a. axon b. soma c. dendrites d. terminal buttons ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

Emma has multiple sclerosis. What would you likely find if you could view her nervous system? a. a reduction in the number of chloride ions in her peripheral nervous system b. areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated c. areas where the dendrites are severely damaged d. a lack of neurotransmitters in some neurons 8.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

Which of the following is associated with the fastest neural impulses? unmyelinated dendrites myelinated axons shorter axons multiple dendrites 9.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Remember

In computers, when the print command is executed, a cable carries this signal from the computer to the printer. In comparing a computer to a neuron, what is the neuronal equivalent to the cable? a. synapse b. soma c. dendrites d. axon 10.

ANS: D 11.

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

Which part of the neuron secretes neurotransmitters?

a. b. c. d.

neuromodulators dendrites myelin sheaths terminal buttons

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Remember

Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron? a. dendrites to axon to soma b. axon to glia to dendrites c. glia to dendrites to axon d. dendrites to soma to axon 12.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 86

BLM: Higher order

What are the cells that provide structural support and insulation for neurons? neuromodulators dendrites glia somata 13.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 87

BLM: Remember

What do glial cells do? They form the primary components of the spinal cord. They provide structural support for neurons. They release neurotransmitters. They release neuromodulators. 14.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: B

a. b. c. d.

REF: p. 87

BLM: Remember

15. What would happen if you were to lose all of your glial cells? There would be no change in functioning, because neurons are the cells that are important for transmission of information within the nervous system. One hemisphere could not send information to the other hemisphere. Your neurons would no longer have a normal chemical environment, and there would be problems with efficient neurotransmission. You would no longer be able to send neurotransmitters from one glial cell to another.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 87

BLM: Higher order

Which of the following is a characteristic of both sodium and potassium ions? They carry a negative charge. They are concentrated inside the neuron’s cell body. They carry a positive charge. They are concentrated outside the neuron’s cell body. 16.

a. b. c. d.

PTS: 1

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Higher order

17. What do we call the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information? a. resting potential b. action potential c. synaptic gap d. neurotransmitter ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Remember

When a neuron is neither receiving nor sending, what is the approximate voltage of the electrical charge that exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron? a. –1000 millivolts b. –70 millivolts c. +70 millivolts d. +1000 millivolts 18.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Remember

19. Bradley is deeply relaxed and his muscles are not moving at all. What does this suggest about Bradley’s motor neurons? a. Sodium ions and potassium ions are both concentrated inside the neurons. b. Sodium ions are concentrated outside the neurons and potassium ions are concentrated inside the neurons. c. Sodium ions and potassium ions are both concentrated outside the neurons. d. Sodium ions are concentrated inside the neurons and potassium ions are concentrated outside the neurons. ANS: B 20.

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Higher order

What happens when sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into

a neuron? a. The neuron returns to its resting potential. b. The axon hillock becomes inactivated. c. The likelihood of an action potential is unchanged. d. The likelihood of an action potential increases ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Higher order

What is an action potential? an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron the small gap that exists between adjacent neurons the tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information an electrical signal that travels along the dendrites of a neuron 21.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Remember

Tracey became dehydrated during a recent illness, and the levels of sodium in her body were significantly reduced. What would we expect to occur if enough sodium was lost? a. Her nervous system would become highly activated and action potentials would be generated continuously. b. More neurotransmitters would be produced in her terminal buttons. c. Fewer action potentials would occur in her nervous system. d. Glial cells would start to degenerate and die. 22.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Higher order

23. The neurons in Noor’s arm just sent a neural impulse. It will be 1-2 milliseconds before another neural impulse can be generated. What do we call this brief time increment, when another neural impulse cannot occur? a. resting potential b. absolute refractory period c. postsynaptic discharge d. all-or-none period ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Higher order

What is the term for the minimum length of time between action potentials? relative threshold period transduction interval absolute refractory period synaptic interval 24.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 88

BLM: Remember

Which of the following is known about action potentials? They travel more slowly if the incoming stimulation is less intense. They are stronger when the incoming stimulation is more intense. They are generated in an all-or-none fashion. They are seldom strong enough to reach the terminal buttons. 25.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Remember

What is the typical speed of an action potential? at least 600 kilometres/hour up to 300 kilometres/hour approximately the speed of light (300,000 kilometres/second) approximately the speed of sound (343 metres/second) 26.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Remember

27. Sara is holding Scott’s hand during a scary movie. Suddenly she squeezes his hand very hard. When she does this, what will the nerves in Scott’s hand do?

a. b. c. d.

release more chloride ions send stronger signals to his central nervous system enter an absolute refractory period start to fire at a faster rate

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Higher order

Fiona puts her hands into a sinkful of lukewarm water; Luke puts his hands into a sinkful of ice-cold water. What should we predict about each of their action potentials? a. Fiona’s will be weaker because the stimulus is less intense. b. Luke’s will travel a shorter distance because the stimulus is more intense. c. Their action potentials will be the same due to the all-or-none principle. d. Their action potentials will be distinguished by the amount of inhibition. 28.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Higher order

29. Peggy smells a very strong odour; Harry smells an odour that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neural transmission, what should we predict about each of their action potentials? a. They will be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle. b. They will travel a shorter distance in Peggy’s system because the stimulus is more intense. c. They will be weaker in Harry’s system because the stimulus is less intense. d. They will be distinguished by the amount of inhibition they exert on synapses. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Higher order

What do we call the space between a terminal button and a dendrite? the transmission gap the midsynaptic potential range the synaptic cleft the neuromodulator 30.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Remember

Where are neurotransmitters stored? in the dendrites in the mitochondria in the nacelles in the synaptic vesicles 31.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: D

REF: p. 89

What do synaptic vesicles do? They control the speed with which a neuron fires. They store neurotransmitters. They provide energy for a neuron’s activity. They manufacture myelin. 32.

a. b. c. d.

PTS: 1

BLM: Remember

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 89

BLM: Remember

33. What type of electric potential increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire? a. all-or-none potential b. excitatory postsynaptic potential c. inhibitory postsynaptic potential d. excitatory presynaptic potential ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 90

BLM: Remember

The voltage at a receptor site has just changed from –70 millivolts to –75 millivolts. What caused the change? a. excitatory postsynaptic potential b. influx of potassium ions c. influx of sodium ions d. inhibitory postsynaptic potential 34.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 90

BLM: Higher order

35. The voltage at a receptor site has just changed from –70 millivolts to –67 millivolts. What will this lead to? a. an absolute refractory period b. increased likelihood of an action potential c. decreased likelihood of an action potential d. a relative refractory period ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 90

BLM: Higher order

What do we call the process of reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron? a. reuptake b. uploading c. regrading d. cyclomyosis 36.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 90

BLM: Remember

37. Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps through which neurotransmitters progress during synaptic transmission? a. binding, synthesis, release, inactivation, reuptake b. synthesis, release, binding, inactivation, reuptake c. synthesis, binding, release, reuptake, inactivation d. release, synthesis, binding, reuptake, inactivation ANS: B 38.

PTS: 1

REF: p. 90

BLM: Remember

What happens when a neurotransmitter is released, but it does not fit into a

suitable receptor channel on the postsynaptic neuron? a. The firing potential of the postsynaptic neuron will not be affected. b. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential will be generated. c. The strength of the action potential in the presynaptic neuron will increase. d. An excitatory postsynaptic potential will be generated. ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Higher order

39. What is a good analogy for the way in which a neurotransmitter binds to receptor sites? a. the lowering of a drawbridge b. a key fitting in a lock c. the pulling of a gun trigger d. the opening and closing of a window ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Higher order

If a brain has several synapses that are not particularly active, and those synapses are eliminated, what does this reflect? a. the pruning of synapses in order to increase the efficiency of neural networks b. overactive immune reactions in the nervous system c. a loss of function that is typically associated with aging d. a process similar to natural selection, where strong synapses ‘kill’ weaker synapses 40.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Higher order

41. According to the Hebbian Learning Rule, if an axon of Cell A is near enough to repeatedly stimulate Cell B (causing it to fire often) then what will happen to Cell B? a. Cell B will become habituated to Cell A, and will stop responding to it. b. Changes will occur in the synapse between Cells A and B, but those changes will not affect firing in either cell. c. Cell B will die off, because it is redundant with Cell A. d. Changes will occur in the synapse between Cells A and B that will increase Cell A’s efficiency in firing Cell B. ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Higher order

Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles? a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine 42.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Remember

Jeremy is sitting quietly when the voluntary muscles in his left leg begin to twitch. Which neurotransmitter is likely being released? ? 43.

a. b. c. d.

serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine GABA

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 92

BLM: Higher order

How does nicotine function as an agonist? It stimulates some muscarinic synapses. It occupies acetylcholine receptor sites, thus blocking the action of the neurotransmitter. It stimulates some acetylcholine synapses. It inhibits some dopamine synapses. 44.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

a. b. c. d.

45. What does an agonist do? It extends the absolute refractory period of neural transmission. It blocks the action of neurotransmitters. It mimics the action of a neurotransmitter. It prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Remember

Curare blocks the action of acetylcholine by occupying its receptor sites. In this context, what is curare? a. an accelerant b. an agonist c. an asymptote d. an antagonist 46.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

Dr. Jacoby has just discovered a new drug named Z2W that is an antagonist to acetylcholine. What are some likely side effects of this new drug? a. hallucinations and disrupted sleep patterns b. general stimulation within the body and an increase in heart rate c. anxiety reduction and general relaxation d. paralysis and memory loss 47.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

Dr. Ferracane has just discovered a new drug named GL8 that produces side effects such as paralysis and memory loss. Based on this information, how might this drug be acting on the nervous system? a. as an agonist for GABA b. as an antagonist for GABA c. as an antagonist for acetylcholine d. as an agonist for acetylcholine 48.

ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

What seems to be a primary cause of Parkinson’s disease? degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter enzymatic deficiency that does not allow for the proper cleanup of waste products in the nervous system agonistic chemical action on the receptor sites of the cerebrum damage to glial cells 49.

a. b. c. d.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Remember

50. Garrett has a chronic disease that is slowly destroying the cells that produce serotonin in his brain. Which of the following will likely happen to Garrett as his disease progresses? a. His memory will gradually worsen. b. He will start to show signs of Parkinson’s disease. c. His sleeping and waking cycles will be disrupted. d. He will begin to experience symptoms of schizophrenia. ANS: C

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

In which of the following conditions do abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role? a. depression b. schizophrenia c. paralysis d. delirium 51.

ANS: A

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Remember

Julia is currently in the midst of a major depression. What neurotransmitter action is most likely to be associated with her symptoms? a. reduced levels of the neurotransmitter GABA b. increased activity at serotonin synapses c. excess levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine d. reduced activity at norepinephrine synapses 52.

ANS: D

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93

BLM: Higher order

Which of the following would the use of a drug that functions as a dopamine agonist probably lead to? a. chronic insomnia b. schizophrenic-like symptoms c. Parkinson-like symptoms d. excessive anxiety 53.

ANS: B

PTS: 1

REF: p. 93
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