Chapter 3 Study Guide Key PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Chapter 3 Study Guide Key PDF

Description

Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th Edition Tortora Test Bank Completed download: https://testbankreal.com/download/principles-anatomy-physiology-14thedition-test-bank-tortora-derrickson/ (This is completed downloadable package TEST BANK for Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th Edition by Gerard J. Tortora , Bryan H. Derrickson) Package Title: Testbank Course Title: PAP 14 Chapter Number: 03

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? a) plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm b) plasma membrane, organelles, nucleus c) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles d) plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus e) plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.1 Name and describe the three main parts of a cell. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.1 Parts of a Cell

Question type: Essay

2) Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

Solution: The fluid mosaic model states that the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane resembles an ever-moving sea of fluid lipids containing a mosaic of many different proteins.

Question type: Multiple Choice

3) The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are a) phospholipids, glycoproteins, and water. b) proteins, cholesterol, and fatty acids. c) cholesterol, triglycerides, and glycolipids. d) phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. e) phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

4) What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids? a) phosphate-containing head groups b) fatty acid tail groups c) Both the head and tail groups are nonpolar. d) Neither the head nor tail groups are nonpolar. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

5) The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of a a) –OH group. b) –CH3 group. c) –CH4 group d) –COOH group e) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

6) This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid. a) complement protein b) transmembrane protein c) peripheral protein d) lipoprotein e) All of these choices are correct. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

Question type: Essay

7) Describe five different functions of integral membrane proteins. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane Solution: Some membrane proteins act as ion channels or carriers that transport substances across the membrane. Other membrane proteins act as receptors that allow the cell to respond to various types of ligands. Other membrane proteins are enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions. Still other membrane proteins act as linker proteins that anchor cells to neighboring structures including other cells. Lastly, some membrane proteins serve as cell identity molecules.

Question type: Multiple Choice

8) This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane. a) receptors b) phospholipids c) cholesterol d) enzymes e) ligands Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

9) Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters? a) transporters b) receptors c) enzymes d) linkers e) cell identification markers Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

10) This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell. a) transporters b) receptors c) ligands d) ion channels e) linkers Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.2 The Plasma Membrane

11) Plasma membranes are _____, which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not. a) selectively permeable b) concentration graded c) electrically graded d) selectively soluble e) electrical insulators Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.2 Describe the plasma membrane structural and functional properties. Study Objective 2: SO 3.2.2 Explain the concept of selective permeability. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

12) Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane? a) concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane b) mass of the diffusing chemical c) distance that the chemical has to diffuse d) amount of ATP available e) temperature Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

Question type: Essay

13) Briefly describe the driving force for the movement of water across plasma membranes. Answer:

Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane Solution: Water moves across membranes by osmosis, which is driven by solute concentration differences across the membrane. Water moves from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high solute concentrations.

Question type: Multiple Choice

14) This is a measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. a) filtration b) normality c) tonicity d) equivalency e) facilitation Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

15) This is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane. a) osmosis b) active transport c) secondary active transport d) simple diffusion e) endocytosis Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

16) In this type of transport process, a solute (e.g. glucose) binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane. This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane. a) osmosis b) active transport c) secondary active transport d) facilitated diffusion e) endocytosis Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

17) In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients. a) primary active transport b) secondary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) passive diffusion e) osmosis Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

18) If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell, water will move by osmosis a) into the cell. b) out of the cell. c) into and out of the cell at the same rate resulting in no net water movement. d) All of these answer choices are correct. e) None of these answers are correct. Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane 19) What transport process uses the energy stored in a Na + or H+ concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients? a) primary active transport b) secondary active transport c) facilitated diffusion d) passive diffusion e) osmosis Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

20) Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid? a) endocytosis b) exocytosis c) facilitated diffusion d) osmosis e) Both endocytosis and exocytosis. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

21) Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell? a) endocytosis b) exocytosis c) facilitated diffusion

d) osmosis e) Both endocytosis and exocytosis. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

Question type: Essay

22) List the steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane Solution: The steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis include 1)ligand binding, 2)vesicle formation, 3)uncoating of the vesicle, 4)fusion of the vesicle with endosome, 5)recycling of receptors to the plasma membrane, and 6)degradation of the ligand in the lysosome.

Question type: Multiple Choice

23) During phagocytosis, binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of _____, which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome. a) podocytes b) exterior vesicles c) interior vesicles d) pseudopods e) lysosomes Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.3 Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.3 Transport across the Plasma Membrane

24) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol? a) primarily consists of water b) cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins c) site of many important chemical reactions d) often contains aggregates of triglycerides that form lipid droplets e) contains the enzymes of glycolysis Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

25) Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction are called a) organelles. b) cytoskeletons. c) cytoplasm. d) cytosol. e) nuclei. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

26) Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell’s a) cytoskeleton. b) nucleus. c) plasma membrane. d) flagella. e) ribosome. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy

Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

27) This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material. a) cytoskeleton b) cilia c) centrosome d) flagella e) peroxisomes Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

28) Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a _____, which is a whip-like structure that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte. a) cilium b) flagellum c) mitochondria d) centrosome e) microvillus Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

29) Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins? a) rough endoplasmic reticulum b) smooth endoplasmic reticulum c) nucleus d) centrosome

e) Golgi complex Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

30) Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles modifies, sorts, and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) Golgi complex c) peroxisomes d) nucleus e) proteasome Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

Question type: Essay

31) Briefly state the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm Solution: The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes glycoproteins, phospholipids and digestive enzymes that are transferred to other cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, secreted during exocytosis or stored in the lysosomes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, detoxifies harmful substances, removes phosphate groups from glucose-6-phosphate, and stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contractions in muscle fibers.

32) Briefly describe how proteins move through the Golgi complex.

Answer: Difficulty: Hard Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm Solution: Proteins are packaged into transport vesicles by the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane. These vesicles enter on the (cis) face of the Golgi complex, and the proteins move through the cisternae, from (cis) face through to exit (trans) face. Proteins will leave from the (trans) face of the Golgi complex in vesicles that will deliver the protein to plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, or to other organelles in the cell.

Question type: Multiple Choice

33) Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver? a) peroxisomes b) mitochondria c) proteasome d) ribosomes e) lysosomes Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

34) Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle, digest its chemical components, and recycle those digested components? a) peroxisomes b) mitochondria c) proteasome d) ribosomes e) lysosomes Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

35) The major function of mitochondria is to a) move the cell. b) generate ATP. c) produce proteins. d) oxidize organelles. e) synthesize glycolipids. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.4 Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.4 Cytoplasm

36) Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus? a) nucleic acids b) nuclear membrane c) centrosome d) cilia e) Golgi complex Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.5 Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.5 Nucleus

37) What is the major function of histones? a) needed for helix formation of the DNA b) add negative charge to the DNA c) help organize coiling and folding of the DNA d) degrade faulty proteins in the nucleus e) catalyze methylation of the DNA Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.5 Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.5 Nucleus

Question type: Essay

38) Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation. Answer: Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.6 Describe the sequence of events in protein synthesis. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.6 Protein Synthesis Solution: Transcription is making mRNA from DNA and it occurs in the nucleus, while translation is making a protein from the information in mRNA and happens in the cytosol of the cell.

Question type: Multiple Choice

39) This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein. a) RNA b) introns c) exons d) polyribosome e) ribosome Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Study Objective 1: SO 3.6 Describe the sequence of events in protein synthesis. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.6 Protein Synthesis

Question type: Essay

40) Briefly describe alternative splicing. Answer: Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 3.6 Describe the sequence of events in protein synthesis. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.6 Protein Synthesis Solution: Alternative splicing of mRNA is a process in which the pre-mRNA transcribed from a gene is spliced in different ways to produce several different mRNAs. The different mRNAs are used to make different proteins.

Question type: Essay

41) Define homologous chromosomes. Answer: Difficulty: Easy Study Objective 1: SO 3.7 Understand the events and processes involved in cell division. Study Objective 2: SO 3.7.1 Discuss the stages, events, and significance of somatic and reproductive cell division. Section Reference 1: Sec 3.7 Cell Division Solution: Homologous chromosomes contain similar genes arranged in the same (or almost the same) order.

Question type: Multiple Choice

42) During this phase of cell division, organelles duplicat...