Microbiology Chapter 3 Study guide PDF

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Microbiology Chapter 3 Study guide 1. Basic description of prokaryotic cell and why they are so small a. Lack a nucleus b. Unicellular c. Lack membrane bound organelles i. Nutrients are obtained through diffusion, limits the size because of surface areato-volume ratio 2. Describe the various shape and arrangements of prokaryotes a. Shapes i. Bacilli – rod shaped ii. Cocci – sphere shaped iii. Vibrio – comma shaped iv. Stella – star shaped v. Coccobacilli – ovoid vi. Spirochetes – spiral b. Arrangement i. Diplococci – paid cocci ii. Streptococci – chain cocci iii. Staphylococci – cluster of cocci (grapelike) iv. Diplobacilli – paid bacilli v. Streptobacilli – chain of bacilli vi. Palisade – cluster of bacilli 3. Define binary fission a. Prokaryotic reproduction (daughter cells) 4. Structure and feature of prokaryotic plasma membrane a. Thin, flexible, fluid, phospholipid bilayer with half proteins b. Selective permeability c. Functions ass anchors, receptors or enzymes 5. Differentiate between gram positive and gram-negative cell walls a. Gram positive i. Thick peptidoglycan ii. Lack outer membrane iii. Stain purple b. Gram-negative i. Thin peptidoglycan ii. Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide) iii. Stain red/pink 6. Define passive and active transport a. Passive – no energy investment b. Active – requires energy 7. Define osmosis a. Occurs as water is attracted to solute and moves from area of low solute to high solute 8. Discuss the roles of flagella, axial filament, fimbriae, pili, and glycocalyx structures a. Flagella – filament like extracellular structures built from protein

i. Rotary propeller b. Axial filament (periplasmic flagella) – located in the space between plasma membrane and cell wall i. Allows spirochetes to move in corkscrew motion c. Fimbriae -short bristle like protein structures i. Adhesive properties help prokaryotes stick to surfaces d. Pili – like fimbriae except longer and more rigid i. Used to adhere to surfaces, move and gene transfer e. Glycocalyx - sticky carbohydrate layer i. Helps bacteria stick to host tissue or surface ii. Protects against antibiotics 9. Structures and functions of prokaryotic cytoskeleton a. Composed of long protein filaments b. Provides structure and support 10. Structure and function of prokaryotic ribosomes a. Made of RNA and protein b. Build proteins by linking amino acids c. 70s ribosomes 11. Structure and functions of endospores a. Metabolically inactive structures that allow certain cell to enter dormant state b. Bacterial species make endospores to survive harsh conditions c. Endospores survive for long periods of time even in healthcare facilities...