Microbiology study guide 2 PDF

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Summary

this is the study guide for the 2nd exam in Microbiology class, it contains detailed explanation of the chapters covered....

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This study guide covers Lecture 8 to 12 Study the whole material but here are the definitions of most of the vocabulary for Microbiology Test 2. Lecture 8: Metabolism – sum total of chemical reaction necessary for the life of an organism. Anabolism – assembly of large macromolecules from smaller molecules, this requires energy. Catabolism – degradation of large molecules into smaller molecules Exergonic Reactions – its spontaneous and it’s a release of energy. Endergonic Reactions – its nonspontaneous, requires the input of energy. Enzymes – increases the rate of chemical reaction without becoming part of the product or gte consumed in the reaction. Apoenzymes – they are inactive if they are not bond to nonprotein cofactors Holoenzymes – this is produced when apoenzymes bind to its cofactors Cofactor – it is a coenzyme that binds to an apoenzymes creating an active site. Substrates – this bind to an enzyme Constitutive enzymes – they are enzymes that are always present but in a constant amount Regulated enzymes – this enzyme is produced by the induction or repression response to change in concentration of the substrate. Competitive Enzyme inhibition – this inhibitor is similar to the actual substrate that binds to the enzyme. It can be removed when there is an increase number of the substrate. Noncompetitive Enzyme inhibitor – these binds to a different site away from where the substrates binds to, so it does not hinder the substrate from binding Allosteric inhibitor – this bind to the allosteric site distorting the active bind site and reducing enzymatic activities. Aerobic respiration – requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration – does not require oxygen Substrate Level Phosphorylation – this is the production of energy through catabolic pathways for ATP synthesis Oxidative Phosphorylation – this generates ATP thorough a series of redox (oxidation and reduction) reaction that involves electron transfer.

Glycolysis, Fermentation and Krebs cycle –

Photosynthesis – this is an example of anabolic reaction, drives the synthesis of glucose from CO2. It also uses redox reaction.

Lecture 9 Essential Nutrient – any substances that must be provided to an organism, and needed by the organism to survive. Macronutrient – they are major elements needed in larger quantity. Micronutrient – they are trace elements and are needed in small quantity

Autotrophs – they self-produce their food , self-feeders and uses CO2 Heterotrophs – they rely on other organism for source of food and energy. Uses organic carbon. Phototrophs – uses light to produce energy Chemotrophs – uses chemical inorganic components to produce energy. Lithotroph – uses inorganic molecules Facilitated Diffusion – they are used to transport hydrophilic molecules Active transport – is the movement of ions against chemical gradient and it requires energy Phagocytosis – this is the engulfing of food particles by creating a food vacuole with the pseudopods. Psychrophile – these organisms can grow at 0 degrees, or optimum below 15 °∁ . Psychrotolerants – these organisms can grow between 20 °∁ and 30 °∁ , grows slowly in cold. Mesophiles – they can grow at an optimum between 20 °∁

and 40 °∁

Thermophile – they can grow at higher temperatures between 55 °∁ and 70 °∁ Hyperthermophiles – they can grow at a temperature above 80 °∁ Isotonic – environment concentration is equal to the cell’s internal environment Hypotonic – the environment concentration is lower than that of the cell’s internal concentration Hypertonic – the environment concentration is higher than that of the cell’s internal concentration Lag phase – this phase bacterial adjust to new environment and acquire cell mass and size Log phase – cells divide rapidly in this phase and continues as long as the nutrients are supplied. Stationary phase – in this phase cells stoops growing or it grows slowly causing cells to multiply and die at the same time. Death phase – cell dies exponentially due to the lack of nutrients. Chemostat – it is used to maintain a microbial population in a particular phase pf growth Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – this amplifies defined segments of the nucleus.

Lecture 10: Microbial death – this is when a cell can no longer reproduce Autoclaving – this is the pressure applied to boiling water prevents steam from escaping

Pasteurization – use of temperature to sterilize food. Lyophilization – this is freeze-drying and it is used for long-term preservation of microbial Osmotic pressure – this is the high concentration of salt or sugar in food to inhibit growth Halogens – this denatures proteins Phenolics – this denatures protein and disrupts cell membranes Aldehydes – it highly denatures protein

Lecture 11: Purine – this are adenine and guanine Pyrimidine – this are cytosines and thymine Genetics – this is the study of the inheritance of living things Genotype – this is the genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype – this is the observable traits of an organism which are controlled by genotype Semiconservative replication – Each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one parent strand and one daughter strand Helicase – opens the double stranded DNA for transcription Topoisomerase – Leading strand – these is being synthesized continuously Lagging strand – it is synthesized discontinuously Transcription – information in DNA is copied as RNA Translation – polypeptides synthesized from RNA Intron – these are segments of the DNA that doesn’t code for protein, it is usually cut out Exon – this is a segment of the DNA that contains the information for coding a peptide/protein

Lecture 12: Mutation – this is a prime source of new genetic material Spontaneous Mutation – these are errors that occur during replication Induced mutation – these results from exposure to chemical or agent mutagen.

Synonymous mutation – this is also known as the silent mutation, it has no effect on protein structure Point mutation – one base pair is affected Nonsynonymous mutation – this is also known as the Missense mutation, and it changes one amino acid in protein produced Nonsense mutation – these changes codon for an amino acid to a stop codon, which is usually a premature stop. Substitution mutation – this is an example of point mutation Frameshift mutation – addition or deletion of base changes reading frame of codon Germline cells – these are gametes (eggs and sperms, mutation can be passed down to kids Somatic cells – they are not transmitted to children, but are transmitted to daughter cells during replication Mutagens – they increase mutation rate by a factor of 10 to 1000 times Horizontal gene transfer – donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell Transposon – these are DNA segments that are mobile. They can replicate and insert copies at sites within the same or a different chromosome

Glycolysis

Used 1 molecule of glucose, 2 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of NAD+

Fermentation

Pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of NADH

Krebs cycle

Acetyl-CoA 6 molecules of NAD+ 2 molecules of water 2 molecules of FAD 2 molecules of ADP

produced 4 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of NADH 2 molecules of water 2 molecules of pyruvate 2 molecules of NAD+ 1 molecules of CO2 Lactic acid Ethanol 2 molecules of ATP 2 molecules of FADH2 6 molecules NADH 4 molecules of CO2...