Chapter 4 Musculoskeletal system PDF

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Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal system Your bones are living organs. They can grow, maintain themselves, and even self-repair. Your joints are the connection points in your body. They keep the parts together and allow for movement so the crane can actually move things. Your muscles are the workhorses of your musculoskeletal system. Together, your bones, joints, and muscles move you, protect your, and give your body support. The word tarsus was derived from Latin and it means Earth. An adult has 206 bones in the body 4.1 Word parts of the Musculoskeletal system Bones Bones start as cartilage. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and bone cells (osteocytes) begin the process of replacing the cartilage model with actual bone. Many bones harden from the center outward. Some bones grow from the epiphyseal plate (also known as the growth plate). This growth center lies in the metaphysis, the area between the end of the bone (epiphysis) and the long shaft of the bone (diaphysis). Growth: -physis… examples: epiphysis (most distal), metaphysis, diaphysis (most proximal)

The skeleton Your bones make up the framework of your body: your skeleton. The bones in the middle of the skeleton are called the axial part of your skeleton. Your skull (cranio) is attached to your spine. Your spine is made of many smaller bones (vertebrae) - plural form meaning more than one vertebra, that connect together. They protect your spinal cord. Your spine has four sections: the neck (cervical), chest/upper back section (thoracic),

lower back (lumbar and sacral). Your ribs (costo) attach to the vertebrae of the thoracic section. Your upper arm (brachio) leads to the two bones of your forearm (radius and ulna), then to your wrist (carpe), and finally to your fingers (phalanges). Your legs begin with your thigh bone (femur), work down to the two shin bones (tibia and fibula), move on to your ankle (tarsal), and ultimately reach your toes (phalanges). Upper extremity: (shoulder) Ulna, radius, humerus, carpus Upper extremity: (shoulder, arm, forearm, hand) Deltoid, triceps brachii, biceps brachii Trunk muscles: (chest and abdomen) Internal abdominal oblique, pectoralis minor, latissimus dorsi, external abdominal oblique, pectoralis major Carpal tunnel affects the wrist. term

root

example

Bone

oste/o

Osteopathy, periosteum

head/skull

crani/o

Craniometer, craniomalacia

neck

cervic/o

Cervical spine, cervicitis

vertebra

spondyl/o

Invertebrate, spondylitis

Loin, lower back

lumb/o

Lumbar, lumbodynia

arm

brachi/o

Brachiocephalic, brachialgia

Finger

dactyl/o

Adactyly, dactylalgia

Wrist

carp/o

Carpectomy, metacarpal

Rib

cost/o

Costectomy, intercostal

Femur (thighbone) (strongest bone in the human body)

femor/o

Femoral artery

Tibia (shinbone)

tibi/o

tibialgia

Ankle

tars/o

Tarsitis, tarsalgia

**At birth, you had over 300 bones, but no kneecaps. As a full-grown adult, you now have 206 bones including two kneecaps—a net loss of at least 96 bones. A human’s neck also contains the same number of bones as a giraffe’s. Joints Every bone in the body except the hyoid bone is connected to another, and these connection points are known as joints. Moving joints allow motions like bending and rotating. When a joint bends, it’s called flexion. When it straightens, it’s called extension. Abduction is the widening of a joint to move parts away from the body. Adduction means the joint narrows to bring parts back toward the body.

Tendons hold muscle to bone. Ligaments hold bone to bone. Tendons and ligaments are classified as connective tissue. Cartilage surrounds bones at the joints and allows smooth movement among them. Under many tendons lie sacs of fluid, known as bursae, which help keep muscles and bones moving smoothly as well. Bursa comes from the greek word that means purse.

Term

root

Examples

Cartilage

chondr/o

Chondritis, chondrodynia

Joint

arthr/o

arthritis

Bursa

burs/o

Bursitis, bursectomy

Muscles Your skeletal muscles are a collection of thousands of muscle fibers bundled together. The bundles appear as lines under a microscope, called striations. Skeletal muscle is also known as striated muscle. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle differ from smooth muscle, which has no specific bundles. It lines hollow organs like blood vessels and airways. Cardiac and smooth muscle move involuntarily and are not actually part of the musculoskeletal system. Skeletal muscle is encased in a thick membrane called fascia. The fascia helps keep the muscle together. Skeletal muscles attach to bones via tendons, which are thick bands of connective tissue. Term

root

examples

Muscle

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

Musculoskeletal, myopathy, myositis

Fascia

fasci/o

Fasciotomy, fasciitis

Tendon

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tenodynia, tendolysis, tendinitis, tenodesis (tendon binding)

Motion Movement (kinesio). Your muscles not only move you, they also support you. This constant holding together- the built-in strength of your muscles- is your muscles’ tone (tono). Your muscles require input from your nervous system to move and coordinate (taxo). If you have problems transferring this input from the nervous system, you may suffer from partial paralysis (paresis) or complete paralysis (plegia). Term

root

example

Tone

ton/o

Dystonia, tonograph

Movement, motion

kinesi/o, kinet/o

Kinesiology, kinetic energy

Arrangement, order, coordination

tax/o

Ataxia, hypotaxia

Stiff, bent

ankyl/o

Ankylosis (stiff condition), ankylodactyly

Subjective: Patient History, Problems, Complaints ● Bones ● joints ● muscles Objective: Observation and Discovery ● Diagnostic procedures ● Spinal curvatures ● Bones ● Joints ● Muscles

Assessment: Diagnosis and Pathology ● Bones ● Joints ● Muscles Plan: Treatments and Therapies ● Drugs ● Bones ● Joints ● Muscles

Subjective 4.2 Patient History, Problems, and Complaints Pain is the most common musculoskeletal medical complaint. Bones Bone pain- ostalgia/ostealgia/osteodynia Joint pain- arthralgia/artrodynia Tendon pain- tenalgia Muscle pain- myalgia/myodynia Muscle wasting away- atrophy Abdormally large- hypertrophy

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Costalgia

Rib pain

cost/ algia rib/ pain

Metatarsalgia

Pain in the bones of the foot

meta/ tars/ algia after/ ankle/ pain

Ostalgia

Bone pain

ost/ algia bone/ pain

Osteodynia

Bone pain

osteo/ dynia bone/ pain

Ostealgia

Bone pain

Spondylodynia

Vertebra pain Vertebral pain

spondylo/ dynia vertebra/ pain

Tibialgia

Tibia (shin) pain

tibi/ algia tibia/ pain

Joints

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Ankylosis

Joint stiffness

ankyl/ osis stiff/ condition

Arthralgia

Joint pain

arthr/ algia joint/ pain

Arthrodynia

Joint pain

arthro/ dynia joint/ pain

Cervicodynia

Neck pain

cervico/ dynia neck/ pain

Crepitation

A crackling sound heard in joints

From Latin, for “rattle” or “creaking”

Genu valgum

knock-kneed

Genu valgum Knee pointed in

Genu varum

bowlegged

Genu varum Knee bowed out

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Bradykinesia

Slow movement

brady/ kinesia slow/ movement

Dyskinesia

Inability to control movement

dys/ kinesia bad/ movement

Dystaxia

Poor coordination

dys/ taxia bad/ coordination

dystonia

Poor muscle tone

dys/ tonia bad/ muscle tone

graphospasm

Writer’s cramp

grapho/ spasm write/ involuntary contraction

Hyperkinesia

Increase in muscle movement or activity

hyper/ kinesia over/ movement

Hypertonia

Increased muscle tone or tightness

hyper/ tonia over/ muscle tone

hypokinesia

Decrease in muscle

hypo/ kinesia

Muscles

movement or activity

under/ movement

hypotonia

Decrease in muscle tone or tightness

hypo/ tonia under/ muscle tone

myalgia

Muscle pain

my/ algia muscle/ pain

Myasthenia

Muscle weakness

my / asthenia muscle/ weakness

myodynia

Muscle pain

myo/ dynia muscle/ pain

Myospasm

Muscle spasm

myo/ spasm muscle/ involuntary contraction

tenalgia

Tendon pain

ten/ algia tendon/ pain

4.3 Objective: observation and discovery The exam of the muscles and bones focuses mainly on typical signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Any of these symptoms can indicate that an infection or inflammation is present. Term

Definition

Word analysis

Arthrocentesis

Puncture of a joint

arthro/ centesis joint/ puncture

Arthroscope

Instrument for looking into a joint

arthro/ scope joint/ instrument to look

Arthroscopy

Procedure of looking into a joint

arthro/ scopy joint/ procedure to look

Electromyogram

A record of the electrical activity of a muscle

electro/ myo/ gram electricity / muscle/ record

electromyography

Procedure for measuring the electrical activity of a muscle

electro/ myo/ graphy electricity/ muscle/ writing procedure

Myography

Procedure for studying muscles

myo/ graphy muscle/ writing procedure

Radiology

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Arthrogram

Visual record of a joint

arthro/ gram joint/ record

arthrography

Procedure used to examine a joint

arthro/ graphy joint/ writing procedure

Computed axial tomography (CAT or CT)

Imaging procedure using a computer to produce cross sections along an axis

axi/ al/ graphy axis/ pertaining to cut/ writing procedure

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Kyphosis

Humped back; curvature of the upper spine

kyph/ osis bent/ condition

Lordosis

Sway back; forward curvature of the lower spine

lord/ osis Bent backward/ condition

Scoliosis

Crooked back; abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

scoli/ osis crooked/ condition

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Carpitis

Wrist inflammation

carp/ itis wrist/ inflammation

Craniomalacia

Softening of the skull

cranio/ malacia skull/ softening

Exostosis

Abnormal growth of bone out of another bone

ex/ ost/ osis out/ bone/ condition

Fracture

A bone break

From Latin, for “break”

Spinal curvatures

Bones

Osteodystrophy

Poor bone development

osteo/ dys/ trophy bone/ bad/ nourishment

Osteolysis

Bone loss Bone destruction

osteo/ lysis bone/ loss

Osteonecrosis

Bone death or death of bone

osteo/ necr/ osis bone/ death/ condition

osteosclerosis

Abnormal hardening of bone

osteo/ scler/ osis bone/ hardening/ condition

Polydactyly

Having more than the normal number of fingers or toes

poly/ dactyl/y many/ finger/ condition

Spondylitis

Vertebra inflammation

spondyl/ itis vertebra / inflammation

Spondylomalacia

Softening of the vertebra

spondylo/ malacia vertebra/ softening

Syndacyly

Fusion (webbing) of fingers

syn/ dactyl/ y together/ finger/ condition

Tarsoptosis

Flat feet

tarso/ ptosis ankle/ drooping condition

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Bursolith

A stone in a bursa

burso/ lith bursa/ stone

Effusion

Fluid build up

ef/ fusion out/ pour

hemarthrosis

Blood in a joint

hem/ arthr/ osis blood/ joint/ condition

Hydrarthrosis

Water (fluid) in a joint

hydr/ arthr/ osis water/ joint/ condition

Joints

pyarthrosis

Pus in a joint

py/ arthr/ osis pus/ joint/ condition

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Atrophy

Underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle tissue

a/ trophy no/ nourishment

hypertrophy

Overdevelopment of muscle tissue

hyper/ trophy over/ nourishment

myocele

Hernia of muscle tissue

myo/ cele muscle/ hernia

Myolysis

Loss of muscle tissue

myo/ lysis muscle/ loss

myomalacia

Softening of a muscle

myo/ malacia muscle/ softening

Myosclerosis

Hardneing of a muscle

myo/ scler/ osis muscle/ hardening/ condition

Myotasis

Stretching of a muscle

myo/ tasis muscle/ expansion

Myotonia

Muscle tone

myo/ tonia muscle/ tone

Muscles

MR angiogram- specialized MRI with dye into joint Arthrocentesis- injecting a needle and collecting fluid from joint and sent to lab Arthroscope- camera-like device to look inside joint

Assessment 4.4 Diagnosis and pathology Bones Term

Definition

Word analysis

Ankylosing spondylitis or spondylitis

A stiffening inflammation of the vertebrae

ankylos/ ing spondyl/ itis stiffen/ causing vertebra/ inflammation

Chondrosteodystrophy

Poor development of bones and cartilage

chondro/ osteo/ dys/ trophy cartilage/ bone/ bad/ nourishment

Craniosynostosis

The premature fusing of the skull bones (bones of the skull are fused together)

cranio/ syn/ ost/ osis skull/ together/ bone/ condition

Dactylitis

Finger inflammation

dactyl/ itis finger/ inflammation

Hypertrophic spondylitis

Overdevelopment of the vertebrae causing inflammation

hyper/ trophic spondyl/ itis over/ nourishment vertebra/ inflammation

Osteitis

Bone inflammation

oste/ itis bone/ inflammation

Osteochondritis

Inflammation of the bone and cartilage

osteo/ chondr/ itis bone/ cartilage/ inflammation

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A disease in which the bones do not develop correctly, also known as brittle bone disease

osteo/ genesis im/ perfecta bone/ creation not/ complete

osteomalacia

Softening of the bone

osteo/ malacia bone/ softening

osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

osteo/ myel/ itis bone/ marrow/ inflammation

osteopathy

Bone disease

osteo/ pathy bone/ disease

osteopenia

Reduction in bone volume

osteo/ penia bone/ deficiency

osteoporosis

Loss of bone density

osteo/ por/ osis bone/ pore/ condition

Spinal stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal

Spinal sten/ osis Spine narrow/ condition

Spondyloarthropathy

Joint disease of the vertebrae

spondylo/ arthro/ pathy vertebra / joint/ disease

Spondylolisthesis

The slipping or dislocation of a vertebra

spondylo/ listhesis vertebra/ slipping

Spondylolysis

Loss of vertebra structure

spondylo/ lysis vertebra/ loss

Spondylosis

Vertebra condition Condition of the vertebra

spondyl/ osis vertebra/ condition

Term

Definition

Word analysis

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

arthr/ itis joint/ inflammation

Rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammation of the joints; it is called rheumatoid because its symptoms resemble rheumatic fever

rheumat/ oid arthr/ itis Rheumatic fever/ resembling join/ inflammation

Septic arthritis

Inflammation of the joint caused by infection

Septic arthr/ itis Rotting joint/ inflammation

Osteoarthritis

Inflammation of the joints, specifically those that bear weight

osteo/ arthr/ itis bone/ joint/ inflammation

Arthrocele

Hernia of a joint Joint herniates

arthro/ cele joint/ hernia

arthrodysplasia

Abnormal joint development

artho/ dys/ plasia joint/ bad/ formation

Arthropathy

Joint disease

arthro/ pathy joint/ disease

Arthrosclerosis

Hardening of the joints

arthro/ scler/ osis joint/ hardening/ condition

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa

bus/ itis bursa/ inflammation

bursopathy

Disease of the bursa

burso/ pathy bursa/ disease

Subluxation

Partial dislocation of a joint

sub/ luxation beneath/ dislocation

Term

Definition

Word analysis

achondroplasia

A defect in the formation of cartilage

a/ chondro/ plasia no/ cartilage/ formation

Joints

Muscles

chondromalacia

Abnormal softening of the cartilage

chondro/ malacia cartilage / softening

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the cartilage of the rib

costo/ chondr/ itis rib/ cartilage/ inflammation

Fascitis

Inflammation of the fascia

fasci/ itis fascia/ inflammation

Muscular dystrophy

Disorder of poor muscle development

muscul/ ar dys/ trophy muscle/ pertaining to bad/ nourishment

myoclonus

Violent muscle contrac...