Chapter 4 - note PDF

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Section 1  A Short History of Newspaper a. The Earliest Newspapers - The newspapers we recognize today have their roots in 17th-century Europe. Corantos, one-page news sheets about specific events, were printed in English in Holland in 1620. a-1 Colonial Newspapers - The first daily newspaper to appear in the 13 Colonies lasted all of one edition. *Media History Repeats: Truth as a Defense against Libel: The Zenger Trial - The jury ruled Zenger not guilty, making it clear to the British and their colonial supporters that the colonists would no longer accept their control of the press. a-2 Newspapers After Independence - After the Revolution, the new government of the U.S had to determine for itself just how free a press it was willing to tolerate. b. The Modern Newspaper Emerges - At the turn of the 19th century, New York City provided all the ingredients necessary for a new kind of audience for a new kind of newspaper and a new kind of journalism. b-1 The People’s Medium - People typically excluded from the social, cultural, and political mainstream quickly saw the of the new mass newspaper. - Throughout this early period of the popularization of the newspaper, numerous foreign-language dailies also began operation, primarily in major cities in which immigrants tended to settle. b-2 The First Wire Services - This innovation, with its assignment of correspondents to both foreign and domestic bureaus, had number of important implications. b-3 Yellow Journalism - The years between the era of yellow journalism and the coming of television were a time of remarkable growth in the development of newspapers.

 Newspapers and Their Audiences - The advent of television coincided with several important social and cultural changes in the United States and the trend continues.  Scope and Structure of the Newspaper Industry - Pass-along readership—readers who didn’t originally purchase the paper—bring 104 million people a day in touch with a daily and 200 million a week in tough with a weekly. - Overall circulation is falling despite a growing population.

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a. Types of Newspapers a-1 National Daily Newspapers - Three national daily newspapers enjoy large circulations and significant social and political impact. The oldest and most respected is the Wall street Journal. * Using Media to Make a Difference - The printed Picayune, after a three day absence, marked a beacon of normalcy, the bolstering of hope for the still absent influx of soldiers and evacuation buses. a-2 Large Metropolitan Dailies - Those large metropolitan dailies that are succeeding have used a number of strategies to cut costs and to attract and keep more suburban-oriented readers. - Once-customary feature like these zoned editions, stand-alone book review sections, weekly magazines, classified sections, even daily home delivery are disappearing as papers big and small battle declining ad revenue and rising production and distributions costs. a-3 Suburban and Small-Town Dailies - As the United States has become a nation of transient suburb dwellers, so too has the newspaper been suburbanized. Small-town dailies operate much like their suburban cousins if there is a nearby large metropolitan paper. a-4 Weeklies and Semiweeklies - Man weeklies and semiweeklies have prospered because advertisers have followed them to the suburbs. Suburban advertisers like the narrowly focused readership and more manageable rates. a-5 The Ethnic Press - African American papers, as they have for a century and a half, remain a vibrant part of this country’s ethnic press. - A robust ethnic press exists beyond Spanish-language and African American papers. a-6 The Alternative and Dissident Press - The offersping of the underground press of the 1960s antiwar, antiracism, pro-drug culture, these papers have redefined themselves. * Cultural Forum: Smaller Is (Sometimes) Better - Every American city and town has voters involved in the performance of the school system in which their children are educated, in the taxes they pay on their property, even the behavior of the local sheriff’s department. They vote on these on election day, and the only medium that informs them on these matters in any detail is the printed newspaper. a-6 Commuter Papers - Modeled after a common form of European newspaper, free dailies designed for commuters are becoming commonplance in America’s biggest cities.

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 The Newspaper as an Advertising Medium - When newspapers prosper financially, it’s because advertisers recognize their worthe as an ad medium. The biggest newspaper advertisers are retail stores and telecommunications, auto, computer, and entertainment brands. - Meeting the needs of a fragmented audience—a foreign-language paper, an alternative weekly, the siddident press, and a free computer paper. a. The News and Feature Services - There radio and television stations receive voice and videl, as well as written copy. - The feature services, called feature syndicates, do not gather and distribute news.  Trends and Convergence in Newspaper Publishing - Loss of competition with the industry, hypercommercialism, convergence, and the evolution of newspaper readership are altering not only the nature of the medium but also its relatipnship with its audience. a. Loss of Competition b. Conglomeration: Hypercommercialism, Erosion of the Firewall, and Loss of Mission c. Covergence with the Internet d. Changes in Newspaper Readership  Developing Media Literacy Skills

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