Chapter 5 Correlates of Criminal Behaviour PDF

Preview

Summary

these are the notes and test bank...

Description

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 1. Phenomena that are regularly associated with crime and criminal offending are known as which of the

following? a. correlates c. crime rates

b. explanations d. theories

ANSWER: a 2. The textbook examines six variables that correlate with crime. Which of the following are included in the

factors examined? a. offender’s birth order c. offender’s gender

b. offender’s place of birth d. offender’s employment history

ANSWER: c 3. Which of the following statements best outlines the nature of correlates of criminal behaviour? a.Correlates provide concrete information about what causes crime and why

crime varies across geographic region. b.Each correlate has connection with criminal behaviour but no single factor explains any particular crime. c.The strongest predictors of crime rates tend to be the correlates of geographic location and school attendance among teens. d.It takes a complex set of statistical methods to interpret data related to correlates of crime. ANSWER: b 4. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the knowledge that there is a correlation between

poverty and crime? a. Crime is the sole cause of poverty. b. Poverty is the main cause of crime. c. Poverty is one of several causes of crime. d. Poverty may be a cause of crime. ANSWER: d 5. Which of the following statements is generally true? a.Criminal activity intensifies in adolescence and young adulthood and declines

thereafter. b.Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter. c.There is no difference in the rate of criminal offending among young adults and older adults. d.Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 1

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour ANSWER: a 6. Which of the following statements represents the nature of the relationship between age and crime? a. White-collar crime follows the general age pattern of crime. b. Young people are overrepresented among accused persons. c. The age distribution is stronger for violent crime than for property

crimes. d. Persons 55 or older are overrepresented among accused persons. ANSWER: b 7. Based on 2016 statistics, which age category correlates most strongly with homicides in Canada? a. 12 to 17 b. 18 to 24 c. 40 to 49

d. 50 and above

ANSWER: b 8. What is the term used for the fact that people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older? a. correlation reform b. delinquency reform c. maturational reform

d. demographic reform

ANSWER: c 9. Which of the following scenarios best reflects the term “maturational reform”? a.Judy became more skilled at using the Internet as she aged and she also became

more involved in cybercrime. b.Fred’s shoplifting increased significantly after he turned 24 years of age. c.Jim started a family and became less involved in the street gang of which he was once the leader. d.As Allen rose through the ranks of the bank as he got older, his family’s financial pressures prompted him to embezzle large amounts of money. ANSWER: c 10. The argument that older men have more social bonds, such as marriage and children, and become less involved in crime is an example of which of the following theories? a. life course theory b. age-crime theory c. middle age theory d. patriarchal theory ANSWER: a 11. According to the text, which of the following is a major reason why crime rapidly declines as adolescents move into adulthood? a. Adults are physically weaker and less agile than their younger counterparts. b. The criminal justice system at all levels is biased in favour of older adult offenders. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 2

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour c. Adults are more mature and have more incentives to conform to mainstream

social values. d. Adult offenders are more practised at avoiding detection. ANSWER: c 12. Which of the following situations fits the definition of the “romance–crime nexus”? a.A 28-year-old female has been the girlfriend of a gang member since she was

17 years of age. b.A 35-year-old male becomes engaged to his partner and becomes more

involved in crime. c.A 21-year-old female breaks up with her partner and enrolls in school to study criminal behaviour. d.A 19-year-old male breaks up with his partner and his offending behaviour increases. ANSWER: d 13. Which of the following statements about the correlation between gender and crime is accurate? a. Women have been offending at the same rate as men over the past five years. b.Men are more likely to be charged with criminal offences. c. Men and women commit completely different types of crimes so it is difficult

to compare them. d.Women offend more frequently than men until the age of 21 and then the pattern reverses. ANSWER: b 14. In general young women are most likely to be involved in which types of crimes? a. violent assaults b. weapons offences c. fraud

d. drug trafficking

ANSWER: c 15. In recent years police-reported crime statistics for Canada depict which of the following trends? a.Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates, but there is still a

large gap in crime rates between the genders. b.Female crime rates increased faster than male crime rates, and the gap in crime rates between the genders has practically disappeared. c.Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates, but the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders did not change much. d.Male crime rates increased faster than female crime rates, and the absolute gap in crime rates between the genders increased. ANSWER: a 16. According to your textbook, why do women generally receive more lenient treatment in the courts in Canada Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 3

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour compared to men? a.There is insufficient space in correctional facilities for women in this country. b.They commit less serious crimes. c.Judges have a tendency to feel sorry for women. d.The Criminal Code dictates that women should receive more lenient sentences due to sexism in Canadian society. ANSWER: b 17. Heimer and De Coster (1999) have made an important contribution to our understanding of the gender gap

in violent crime by examining structural positions and cultural processes, including social learning. Which of the following is one of their conclusions? a. Violent delinquency is learned and internalized equally by boys and girls. b. Boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence. c. Girls are able to use deception to avoid detection more readily than boys. d. Parents supervise girls far more closely than boys. ANSWER: b 18. Which of the following best describes female offenders in Canada? a. young, well off, well educated b. young, poor, undereducated c. young, poor, well educated d. older, poor, undereducated ANSWER: b 19. Which of the following statements best represents the role convergence hypothesis? a.As women become more involved in the workforce, they become more

involved in property crime. b.Stay-at-home moms commit far fewer crimes than working moms. c.Rates of crime by transgendered people fall somewhere between the rates of

crime committed by men and women. d.The convergence of sexism and lower pay for women in society means they play a greater role in the sex trade. ANSWER: a 20. Given the increase of women in the workforce one would expect increases in corporate crimes committed by

women. What is the involvement of women in corporate crime according to the text? a.men are less likely to commit significant financial crimes than women across all settings including the corporate world b.women and men are now on equal footing in more large-scale corporations and now their offending behaviour is similar c.women occupy positions that present few opportunities for large-scale financial crimes d.women’s involvement in corporate crime has doubled since 1997 ANSWER: c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 4

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 21. Research in Canada shows that one minority group reported being much more likely to be stopped and

searched by the police than those from other racial backgrounds. Which of the following groups was this? a. Hispanics b. Blacks c. South Asians d. Aboriginal s ANSWER: b 22. Which of the following best represents the differential treatment hypothesis? a.There are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence,

level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns. b.Structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process. c.Structural injustices in society are responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in criminal offending. d.There is a higher rate of criminal offending by racial minority groups because they receive preferential treatment by government. ANSWER: b 23. Which of the following statements best describes the experience of Indigenous people in the Canadian

criminal justice system? a. Indigenous adults are underrepresented at all stages of Canada’s criminal justice system. b. Indigenous people are overrepresented at all stages of Canada’s criminal justice system. c. Indigenous female youth are underrepresented in Canada’s prison population. d. Indigenous youth are underrepresented among criminal offenders. ANSWER: b 24. Which of the following regions of Canada has the highest incarceration rate of Indigenous peoples? a. the Northwest Territories b. the prairies c. Central Canada

d. Atlantic Canada

ANSWER: a 25. Which of the following is true regarding Indigenous offenders when compared to non-Indigenous offenders? a.They are more likely to be placed in their home communities on house arrest

than non-Indigenous offenders. b.They spend less time in pre-trial detention than non-Indigenous offenders. c.They are more likely to have legal representation at court proceedings. d.They are more likely to have parole revoked than non-Indigenous offenders. ANSWER: d

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 5

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 26. Which of the following statements best reflects the cultural theories of Indigenous overrepresentation in the criminal justice system? a.The sharing of material possessions implies reciprocal action in Indigenous communities but in the dominant culture it is called theft. b.Indigenous peoples are overrepresented in the criminal justice system because of the culture of racist policing in mainstream society. c.Three to four times as many Indigenous people live in poor neighbourhoods. d.A much smaller proportion of Indigenous inmates have a high school education. ANSWER: a 27. Assigning the poor living conditions among Indigenous peoples as the reason for their overrepresentation in

the criminal justice system is an example of which of the following theories? a. critical race b. structural theories theories c. cultural theories d. post-structuralist theories ANSWER: b 28. Which of the following is important to consider when studying crime rates according to the colonial model? a. historical b. educational systems

context c. social norms

d. geography

ANSWER: a 29. Which of the following theories of why Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the criminal justice system includes the notions of learned helplessness and fatalism? a. colonial model b. historic trauma transmission model c. critical race theory d. the code of the street theory ANSWER: b 30. Which of the following is a key assumption of the critical race theory? a. There is a causal link between race and criminal behaviour. b. Most races are equally impacted by changes to the criminal justice system over

time. c. The law reflects the norms and values of the dominant group and favours that group. d. There is a direct link between trauma and criminal behaviour. ANSWER: b 31. According to the textbook, which of the following best characterizes the relationship between illicit drug use and crime? a. It is a weak relationship and valid only for females. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 6

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour b. It is unknown because of limited evidence. c. It is a complex relationship. d. It is a strong relationship for some street crimes. ANSWER: d 32. According to the textbook, which of the following best characterizes the relationship between

socioeconomic class and crime? a. It is simple to understand. b. It is unknown because of limited evidence. c. It is complex. d. It is a myth. ANSWER: c 33. Which variables make up socioeconomic status? a. education, prestige, and religion b. religion, income, and prestige c. income, education, and

d. occupation, power, and prestige

occupation ANSWER: c 34. According to Wright and colleagues (1999), the relationship between socioeconomic status and crime is

indirect and operates through mediating variables. Which of the following statements best represent this argument? a.High SES promotes delinquency because it increases risk-taking behaviours. b.Low SES promotes delinquency because it creates greater opportunities for fraud. c.Low SES promotes delinquency by reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing risk-taking behaviours. d.High SES promotes delinquency because it reduces one’s bonds to conventional values. ANSWER: c 35. Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between criminal and violent behaviour

and socioeconomic status? a. Most violent men are overwhelmingly from high SES. b. Employment reduces violent and property crimes. c. There is a low correlation between dropping out of high school and violence. d. Older and better educated people generally commit more violent crimes. ANSWER: b 36. Which of the following countries had the highest homicide rate in 2011? a. United b. England and Wales

States Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 7

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour c. Canada

d. Japan

ANSWER: a 37. Which of the following statements best depicts Canada’s violent crime rate compared to other countries? a. It is lower than that of the United States but the same as European countries. b. It is lower than that of the United States but higher than European countries. c. It is at the same level as that of the United States and European countries. d. It is a higher rate compared to the United States and European countries. ANSWER: b 38. What does research suggest is the relationship between the nature of the neighbourhood one lives in and

crime? a. Crime rates are impacted by the nature of the relationships in neighbourhoods. b. Crime rates vary by city rather than by neighbourhood. c. Crime is highest in rural settings rather than city settings. d. Crime rates are not impacted by neighbourhood relationships. ANSWER: a 39. Studies show that offenders can reduce their likelihood of reoffending by doing which of the following? a. Registering with their local police service after release. b. Engaging in neighbourhood watch programs after release. c. Returning to a familiar neighbourhood for comfort after

release. d. Changing neighbourhoods and routines after release. ANSWER: d 40. Which of the following best represents the concept of “collective efficacy”? a.Criminals are more effective when working together. b.Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of social cohesion

among neighbourhood residents. c.Police are involved in socially sorting who belongs to the neighbourhood collective and who does not. d.Neighbourhoods are safer where there is a higher level of racial integration, rather than segregation. ANSWER: b 41. No single factor explains any particular crime. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 8

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 42. Identifying the correlates of a particular crime problem will identify the causes of that crime problem. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 43. Criminal activity declines during adolescence and young adulthood and then increases thereafter. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 44. There is no difference between the rate of criminal offending among adolescence and older adults. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 45. Young people have the highest rate of criminal offending in all categories of crime. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 46. Maturational reform refers to the evidence that involvement in crimes tends to decrease as people age. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 47. A basic explanation for the theory of maturational reform is that adolescence is a period of transition, ambiguity, and nonconformity. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 48. There are greater incentives for older adults to conform to mainstream society and thus they become less involved in crime compared to young people. a. True b. Fals Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 9

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour e ANSWER: True 49. Young men commit crimes such as fraud more frequently than young women. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 50. One category of crime that young women are most likely to be charged with is theft. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 51. Women’s imprisonment has not increased in the past few decades. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 52. One dominant explanation why women receive more lenient treatment in the courts compared to men is because they commit less serious crimes. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 53. According to Heimer and De Coster (1999) the gender gap in violent crime can be explained in part by

research suggesting that young boys learn more violent definitions and have greater experience with violence compared to young girls. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 54. Violent males tend to come from a high level of privilege and their violence is the result of their being

spoiled as children. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

Page 10

Name :

Clas s:

Dat e:

Chapter 5- Correlates of Criminal Behaviour 55. The role convergence hypothesis suggests that as more women choose to work outside the home their

likelihood of committing crimes increases as a result of increased opportunities. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: True 56. Race is a stronger correlate of crime than age or gender. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 57. While blacks are highly discriminated against in the US criminal justice system, there is no evidence of that in Canada. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 58. The differential treatment hypothesis suggests that there are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns. a. True b. Fals e ANSWER: Fals e 59. The overrepresentation of Indig...