Chapter 5 - Lecture notes 5 PDF

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MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITYCHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTATION SECTORTransportation and Travel EvolutionThe evolution of transportation and travel took place in seven groups, namely: (Below) The improvement oftransportation encouraged the desire to travel. The developments in transportation h...

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MICRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY CHAPTER 4: TRANSPORTATION SECTOR Transportation and Travel Evolution The evolution of transportation and travel took place in seven groups, namely: (Below) The improvement of transportation encouraged the desire to travel. The developments in transportation had a very powerful effect on tourism. They have made the world a much smaller place. At present, fast and efficient means of transportation can bring travelers to any place in the world. •

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Pre-Industrial Travel System Era – This was the period before the widespread industrialization in Europe and North America. It was before the developments of railways in the two continents. There were few common carriers. There were almost no regularly scheduled transportation services. There was little travel. Travelers made their own arrangements with the suppliers. It was the era of stagecoach and wayside inn. Only few people had the money and the reason to travel. Early-Industrial Travel System Era – Road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamships services were brought about due to rapid industrialization and advances in transportation technology. Common carriers came into existence and began to offer regularly scheduled transportation services. Travel increased because more people who had money traveled. Mature-Railway Era – This era was characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running hotels and providing other travel related services. The railways began to market their services more aggressively. Travel agencies and tour companies were formed. Thomas Cook, an innovator in this field during this era, began his company’s activities in the United Kingdom in 1840. Express-Travel System Era – During this era, express travel increased. Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or terminal but only at the major ones. This increased the speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before. Automobile-Based Travel System Era – This influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in North America and Europe from the 1920s onwards. Motorways, interstate highways, and other trunk highways were developed in the latter half of this era which was from 1920 to 1974. The automobile was predominant over other travel modes from 1920 to 1945. Modern-Tourism Travel System Era – 1945 to 1974 Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long distance rail travel. Mass air travel was another post-World War II occurrence. The Introduction of ide-bodied jets in the 1970 greatly increased air travel. The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and 1960s. Post-Mobility Adjustment Era – Began in 1973 to 1974 as a result of the oil embargo generated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) an the resulting increase in fuel price. The events of the energy crisis basically changed the travel patterns throughout the world.

Historical Development of Transport System - Before World War I it took seven days to travel from coast to coast by steam locomotive. - In 1938, an airplane with the speed of 400 miles an hours made possible nonstop coast to coast flights of less than eight hours By 1950, travelers could complete the journey in two and half days by train. Travel time was lessened by four hours. - At present, the Concorde can make flight in two and half hours.

Selection of Transportation Mode There are many reasons why people select one transportation mode over another for their business and pleasure trips. The most common reasons are cost, travelling time, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips, ground services, terminal facilities and locations, status and prestige, and departure and arrival times. People belonging to different travel segments have different value perceptions. -

Jagdish Sheth developed a theory identifying transportation variables and the value of traveler. Travelers chose a travel mode based on how they psychologically weigh the five factors. 1. Functional – the functional utility of a mode is its expected performance for a specific purpose. 2. Aesthetic/Emotional – is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, comfort and other personal feeling that the form of transportation might evoke. 3. Social/Organizational – shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income, price/cost, and education. 4. Situational – refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transportation and its terminal facilities are for the travelers 5. Curiosity – refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something new and different.

5. Curiosity refers to the traveler s perceived need to do something new and different.

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Travel by Train

Trains encouraged travel within the United States, Canada, and Europe in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The reasons why travelers choose trains as a transportation mode are: cost/price, comfort, safety, convenience, ability to get up and walk around, ability to look out and see interesting thing en route, and ability to arrive at destination rested and relaxed. The popularity of trains as passenger’s transportation mode declined with the advent of the automobile. Train travel continues in Europe and Asia more than in the United States, particularly for long distance travel. In Europe, the popularity of rail system is increased due to use of the Eurailpass. - 1963 Long distance rail travel boosted when George Pullman built the Pullman Coach (luxury first-class sleeping and dining facility) - 1968 The diner car was introduced on the Chicago and Alton line. 1869 First intercontinental route in the United States was completed 1971 Amtrak began its operation 1977 VIA Rail Canada was created, Canada’s equivalent to Amtrak

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Travel by Ship

Travels by ship become prominent in the middle of the 19th century. Just as automobile led to the demise of the train, the introduction of of jet airplanes precipitated the rapid decline in the use of ships as a scheduled passenger transportation mode. Cruise ship took place of regularly scheduled passenger ships. The fly/cruise concept introduced in the early 1970s, increased the number of cruise passengers. The modern era for travel is characterized by the use of ships, hovercrafts, steamers, and riverboats for cruising and carrying.

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Cruise Ship

Short-duration cruises are more popular because they require less vacation time and are less expensive. Travelers can satsfy their desire of new environments and see new culture and still bring with them the comfort, safety and convenience of home. In addition, there is no changing of hotels, airports, and food and beds which may cause sleeplessness and other problems. Mini-cruises or ultra-yatch can accommodate 100 to 180 passengers. At present, the average capacity of a new ship is 2000 passengers and offers wide wide arrays of services abd amenities to the guests, most of which are packed into the cruise. A cruise ship is both a floating hotel and resort because the guests are housed, fed, and entertained. Promoted and sold on the basis of health, recreation, and pleasure. The US dominates the international cruise market by supplying more that 70% of total passengers followed by Europe with 17%. The Caribbean is the world’s largest cruise destination Cruise passengers for destinations within the Caribbean comprise 50% of the visitor arrival.

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Travel by Automobile

The introduction of the automobile resulted in the decline of the popularity of the train in several developed countries. The use in automobile has increased in North America, Europe and in Asia. car rentals and recreational vehicles are two important aspects of automobile travel. The introduction of the fly/drive concept stimulated the growth of the car rental industry. The automobile stimulated tourism by creating attractions along tourist routes made accessible by the automobile. Examples are homes of historical figures, scenic areas, and historic shrines and monuments.

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Travel by Bus/Motor Coach

Bus or motor coach travel is the most economical form of transportation in terms of fuel costs; but for long distances, it stil has the advantage of being time-consuming compared to air transportation. the bus provides intercity passenger transportation services as well as charger and tour services.

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Travel by Air

The airplane has taken over as the major international and intercontinental transportation mode in the post-World War II Era. It also predominated among the common carriers in domestic transportation in the United States and Canada. It is Charter flights, since their introduction, have become increasingly significant as vacation travel modes, particularly in Europe. - December 17, 1903 Wright Brothers - 1927 developed regularly scheduled passenger trips between New york and Boston - Late 1950s and 1060s commercial jets were introduced

Airline Regulations International tourism requires a system of international air transportation. The system requires negotiations among nations and carriers in the form of bilateral agreements. Governments throughout the world have agreed that a completed free market for international air travel is not possible. The Chicago Convention (1944) and the Bermuda Agreement of 1946 marked the beginning of continuous dialogue about various freedoms of the air. 8 Freedoms of the Air – Bermuda Agreement 1. First Freedom: The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another 2. Second Freedom: The right of an airline to land in another country for a technical stopover (fuel, maintenance) but not pick up of drop off traffic 3. Third Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off traffic from country X to county Y 4. Fourth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic back to country x from county Y 5. Fifth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect traffic in country Y and fly on to country Z, so long as the flight either originates or terminates in country X 6. Sixth Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a gateway-a point in country X-and then abroad. The traffic has neither its origin nor ultimate destinations in country X 7. Seventh Freedom: The right of an airline, registered in country X to operate entirely outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries;...