Chapter 5 Questions w:answers PDF

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Chapter 5 questions and solutions. Essential for exams!...

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Chapter: Chapter 05: Sensation and Perception

Short Answer

1. List the technical names for each of the five sensory systems. Ans: Olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, auditory, visual Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

True/False

2. Transduction is the process by which sensory receptor cells convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses. Ans: True Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

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3. The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called __________. Ans: chemicals Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

4. What sensory process describes why the continual presence of a stimulus results in a decreased response to that stimulus over time? Ans: Adaptation Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Hard

Essay

5. Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold. Ans: An absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of one stimulus necessary for detection to occur, whereas a difference threshold refers to the smallest amount of difference between two or more stimuli necessary for a person to be able to discriminate one stimulus from another. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

6. If a light bulb does not cast a light that can be detected, what threshold has not been surpassed? a) Difference b) Absolute c) Stimulus d) Transduction Ans: b Feedback A: When more than one stimulus is being discriminated Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Light from the bulb is a stimulus, but a stimulus is not a type of threshold. Feedback D: Conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

True/False

7. Bottom-up processing begins with previously acquired knowledge. Ans: False Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

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8. The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the __________ system. Ans: somatosensory (touch, heat, pain)

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

9. What type of perceptual processing begins with physical energies that enter the body from the environment? Ans: Bottom-up Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Hard

Essay

10. Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ. Ans: Top-down uses previously acquired knowledge and experience to assist us in recognizing environmental stimuli, whereas bottom-up uses the physical energies that enter the body from the environment. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Hard

Multiple Choice

11. The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called ________. a) perception b) translation c) adaptation d) transduction Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not perception. Perception is a broader process involving the recognition and identification of stimuli. Feedback B: Incorrect. The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not translation. Feedback C: Incorrect. The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not adaptation. Adaptation is a different process in which constant stimulation produces a deceased response to the stimulus. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Easy

12. We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment. This is a(n) ________. a) absolute threshold b) difference threshold c) sensory minimum d) just noticeable difference Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a difference threshold. Feedback C: Incorrect. The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a sensory minimum. The term “sensory minimum” is not used in your text. Feedback D: Incorrect. The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a just noticeable difference. Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Medium

13. A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n) _________ threshold. a) transduction b) difference c) adaptation d) absolute Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect. The example illustrates a difference threshold. There is no threshold termed the “perceptual threshold.” Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect. The example illustrates a difference threshold. There is no threshold termed the “adaptation threshold.” Feedback D: Incorrect. The example illustrates a difference threshold, not an absolute threshold. Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Medium

14. “It’s so noisy! How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave’s ground floor apartment. “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the concept of _________. a) adaptation b) accommodation c) adjustment d) attenuation Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. The example illustrates adaptation, not accommodation. Feedback C: Incorrect. The example illustrates adaptation, not adjustment. Feedback D: Incorrect. The example illustrates adaptation, not attenuation. Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus? a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation b) so that we don’t become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment c) so that we detect potentially important changes in what’s going on d) so that we don’t become overstimulated by the environment Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect. Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment. Feedback B: Incorrect. Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment. Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect. Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment. Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Hard

17. “Wow! I’m sorry! I didn’t recognize you out of context!” you exclaim, excusing your blank stare when your accounting professor greets you in a café. This vignette illustrates the importance of _________ in perception. a) transduction b) adaptation c) bottom-up processes d) top-down processes Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. The influence of context on perception reflects top-down processing, not transduction. Feedback B: Incorrect. The influence of context on perception reflects top-down processing, not adaptation. Feedback C: Incorrect. The influence of context on perception reflects top-down, not bottomup, processing. Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Which of the following sentences expresses bottom-up processing? a) You see what’s in front of you. b) You see what you want to see. c) You see what you expect to see. d) You see what you’re conditioned to see. Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect. Seeing what you want to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing. Feedback C: Incorrect. Seeing what you expect to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing. Feedback D: Incorrect. Seeing what you’re conditioned to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up processing. Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between topdown and bottom-up processing? a) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner. b) Bottom-up processing precedes top-down processing during the perception of most stimuli. c) Top-down processes only contribute to perception when stimuli are highly novel, unexpected, or ambiguous. d) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli. Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect. Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli. Feedback B: Incorrect. Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli. Feedback C: Incorrect. Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli. Top-down processes are less able to contribute to the perception of novel stimuli than to the perception of familiar stimuli. Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty Level: Hard Microscopes and telescopes represent technological advances to overcome natural limitations in our ______ for vision. a) absolute threshold b) perceptual constancy c) perceptual set d) sensory adaptation Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision. Feedback C: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision. Feedback D: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Medium Scientists often use ______ to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli. a) imagination b) instruments c) speculation d) simulation Ans: b Feedback A: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli. Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli. Feedback D: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells,

transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have astronomers been able to see objects that are very far away? Ans: The invention of telescopes has allowed scientists to view far away objects. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Easy

Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have biologists been able to see objects that are smaller than what is detectable by the naked eye? Ans: The invention of microscopes has allowed scientists to view small objects up close. Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception. Difficulty: Easy 20. In what hair-like structures are the sensory receptors of the olfactory system located? a) Nasal mucosa b) Papillae c) Odorants d) Cilia Ans: d Feedback A: Where odorants are converted to neural signals Feedback B: Bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds Feedback C: Chemicals that enter the nose Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

True/False

21. Olfaction and gustation emerged early in our evolutionary history. Ans: True Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Easy

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22. The method used by odorants to enter the nose and bind to specific receptor sites is similar to the method used by neurotransmitters binding to receptors sites on receiving neurons. Both bind in a(n) __________ fashion. Ans: lock-and-key Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

23. What sense is most closely tied to taste? Ans: Smell Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Easy

Essay

24. Why are taste and smell referred to as chemical senses? Ans: Both senses involve responses to specific chemicals such as those in odorants (for smell) and in food (for taste). Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

25. Approximately how many taste receptors are on each taste bud? a) 20-40 b) 50-90 c) 30-50 d) 60-100 Ans: d Feedback A: Too few Feedback B: Not the correct range Feedback C: Too few Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Hard

True/False

26. Sweet/sour is the taste associated with monosodium glutamate. Ans: False Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

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27. The human tongue is covered with bumps called __________. Ans: papillae Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

28. “Hot” or spicy foods activate what component of the tongue that communicates pain? Ans: Tactile system Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Hard

Essay

29. How is the consistency of food communicated to the brain? Ans: Touch receptors located on the tongue relay textural information such as “slimy” to the brain. Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

30. When olfactory information reaches the olfactory nerve, it travels to which organ located beneath the frontal lobes? a) Cerebral cortex b) Olfactory bulb c) Piriform cortex d) Amygdala Ans: b Feedback A: Where information from the olfactory bulb is sent Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Region of the cerebral cortex; involved later in the process Feedback D: Where information from the olfactory bulb is sent Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Hard

True/False

31. Studies have shown that the piriform cortex is changeable in adulthood. Ans: True Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Medium

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32. The olfactory bulb sends information to the __________, an area important for learning and memory. Ans: hippocampus Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste. Difficulty: Hard

Short Answer

33. What structure that is...