Chapter 5 Review Questions PDF

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Chapter 5 Physical Growth Review Questions What aspects of physical growth account for the long-legged appearance of many 8- to ?12-year-olds Increase in muscle fat, skeletal growth, and gains in motor skills account for the long. legged appearance of many 8-12 year olds

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Relate secular trends in physical growth to the concept of cohort effects, discussed on .2 .page 62 in Chapter 2 Cohort effects are longitudinal studies that examine the development of children who are influenced by cultural and historical conditions. Secular trends are changes in body sizes from one generation to the next. Both happen over a course of time and are influenced by factors . related to family Nine-year-old Allison dislikes physical education and thinks she isn’t good at sports. .3 What strategies can be used to improve her involvement and pleasure in physical ?activity One can ask Allison what kind of physical games does she enjoy or feel most comfortable playing. She can then be placed in a group so she can gain a sense of belonging and a basis for communication with peers. This will help her become more comfortable. Her teachers or parents can put emphasis on the importance of physical education and participation, creating an . environment of support instead of pressure How does your height compare with that of your parents and grandparents when they .4 ?were your age? Do your observations illustrate secular trends I am much taller but slimmer compared to my parents and grandparents when they were my age. Secular trends are physical growth changes in body size from one generation to the next . so yes my observations illustrate secular trends How does stimulation affect brain development? Cite evidence at the level of neurons .5 . and at the level of the cerebral cortex Stimulation becomes vital to neuron survival as they form connections. Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish synapses, forming increasingly elaborate systems of communication that support more complex abilities. At first, stimulation results in massive overabundance of synapses, many of which serve identical functions, thereby ensuring that the child will acquire the motor, cognitive, and social skills that our species needs to survive. In the prefrontal region of the cerebral cortex, it undergoes especially rapid myelination and formation and pruning of synapses during the preschool and school years, followed by another period of accelerated growth in adolescence, when it reaches . an adult level of synaptic connections

CONNECT: What stance on the nature–nurture issue does evidence on development of .handedness support? Document your answer with research findings Research supports that handedness is biologically based. For right-handed people, 90 percent of the population, language is housed in the left hemisphere with hand control. For the

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left-handed, 10 percent, language is occasionally located in the right hemisphere. Also, there is a genetic theory proposes that most children inherit a gene that biases them for right-handedness . and a left-dominant cerebral hemisphere Lucia experienced damage to the left hemisphere of her cerebral cortex shortly after .7 birth. As a first grader, she shows impressive recovery of language and spatial skills, but she lags behind her peers in academic progress. What accounts for her recovery of ?skills? How about her cognitive deficits Brain plasticity accounts for her recovery of skills. A highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many areas are not yet committed to specific functions, has a high capacity for learning. If a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handled. Lucia’s lateralization might contribute to her cognitive deficits. Once the hemispheres lateralize, damage to a specific region means that the abilities it controls cannot be recovered to the same extent or . as easily as earlier How are bidirectional influences between parent and child involved in the impact of .8 ?malnutrition on psychological development Malnutrition can affect all aspects development in children. Children can score low on intelligence tests, show poor fine-motor coordination, and have difficulty paying attention, and display a more intense stress response to fear-arousing situations, perhaps caused by the constant, .gnawing pain of hunger In rearing a child, which feeding and other child-rearing practices would you use, and .9 (which would you avoid, to prevent overweight and obesity? (pp. 198–200 In rearing a child, I would take the World Health Organization’s recommendations on breast feeding. I would breastfeed until about year two while incorporating solid foods around year one. To prevent obesity and over weight, I would avoid large quantities of high-calorie sugary and fatty foods. I would also avoid anxiously overfeeding, which is satisfying a child’s .discomforts with food .Summarize the impact of pubertal timing on adolescent development .10 Early-maturing boys are labeled as relaxed, independent, self-confident, and physically attractive, they tend to hold leadership positions in school and tend to be athletic stars. However, they are reported to have slightly more psychological stress, depressed mood, and problem behaviors Late-maturing boys expressed more anxiety and depression. Early-maturing girls are reportedly unpopular, withdrawn, lacking in self-confidence, anxious, prone to depression, and they held few leadership positions and achieved less well in school. Later-maturing counterparts . were regarded as physically attractive, lively, sociable, and leaders at school How might adolescent moodiness contribute to the psychological distancing between .11 parents and children that accompanies puberty? (Hint: Think about bidirectional (.influences in parent–child relationships Due to physical and hormonal changes, adolescents may experience some sort of moodiness. They may have feelings about self or body changes which they want to share only with their friends or peers. Adolescents also get into a stage where they get attracted to new ideas and find the ideas of parents outdated or boring. They start identifying themselves with her pof

their own experiences and parents may not be able to exactly understand their children, creating .a gap As a school-age child, Chloe enjoyed leisure activities with her parents. Now, as a 14.12 year-old, she spends hours in her room and resists going on weekend family excursions. Explain Chloe’s behavior Chloe is transitioning from a child to an adult. She is not prepared to address this so instead she starts to mentally depart herself. She most likely wants to move away from family . oriented activities and start her own experiences Recall your own reactions to the physical changes of puberty. Are they consistent with .13 research findings? Explain I would often distance myself from my parents and stay in my room. Most of the things they spoke to me about would often annoy me and drive me further away from them. I felt like . they didn’t know how to talk to me, therefor they started to keep to themselves as well Compare risk factors for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. How do treatments .14 ?and outcomes differ for the two disorders Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. Hospitalization is often necessary to prevent life-threatening malnutrition and the most successful treatment is family therapy plus medication to reduce anxiety and neurotransmitter imbalances. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder where young people engage in strict dieting and excessive exercise accompanied by binge eating, often followed by deliberate vomiting and purging with laxatives. Treatment is usually easier than treatment for anorexia nervosa through support groups, nutrition education, training in changing . eating habits, and anti-anxiety, antidepressant, and appetite-control medication Explain how unfavorable life experiences and personal attributes associated with .15 . teenage parenthood increase the chances that it will be repeated in the next generation Adolescents who become parents often have a shortage of key life skills and other resources that are vital to the parenting process. They tend to have less knowledge about child development and effective parenting, and often misjudge their child’s ability to adapt and learn. . Ultimately, their child will pick up their habits At age 17, Veronica dropped out of school, moved in with her boyfriend Todd, and gave birth to Ben. A few months later, Todd left Veronica, saying he couldn’t stand being tied down with the baby. Suggest interventions likely to protect Veronica and Ben from .lasting hardships Veronica and Todd can establish a method where Todd can provide financial and childcare assistance and emotional support. This would relieve distress for Veronica and ensures a sustainable relationship. They could look at programs that focus on fathers attempt to increase . their financial and emotional commitment to the baby

Describe sex education classes that you experienced in school. Did they help you .postpone early sex and engage in more responsible sexual behavior? Explain My school district did not promote sex education classes as they assumed it would

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promote us to have sex. On the contrary, the lack of that knowledge forced a lot or students, including myself, to learn about sex and its consequences the hard way. We would often wish . that our school district offered such classes to be more precautious...