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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

CHAPTER 5 THE RESEARCH METHODS OF BIOPSYCHOLOGY: UNDERSTANDING WHAT BIOPSYCHOLOGISTS DO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1.

Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient’s reaction to a. b. c. d. e.

facial nerve stimulation. electroencephalography. cold water flushed in the ear. needles inserted in the face. needles inserted in the foot.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 104 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction Type: Applied Rationale: This answer is illustrated in the ironic case of Dr. P. 2.

The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that a. b. c. d. e.

two brains are better than one. Alzheimer’s disease can have an early onset. many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings. brain tumors can be bilateral. cortical tumors are usually malignant.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 104 Topic: Chapter 5 Introduction Type: Applied Rationale: This is an important point for biopsychology students making career plans.

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

3.

Which technique is illustrated here?

a. b. c. d. e.

computed tomography cerebral angiography electroencephalography magnetic resonance imaging positron emission tomography

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 105 Topic: Methods of Visualizing or Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Applied 4.

Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? a. b. c. d. e.

cerebral angiography X-ray photography pneumoencephalography CT scans PET scans

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 105 Topic: Methods of Visualizing or Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Applied Rationale: Figure 10.4 provides a beautiful illustration of this point.

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

5.

Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique? a. b. c. d. e.

angiography magnetoencephalography positron emission tomography structural magnetic resonance imaging functional MRI

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 105 Topic: Methods of Visualizing or Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Applied 6.

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine a. b. c. d. e.

horizontal sections. frontal sections. coronal sections. sagittal sections. midsagittal sections.

Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 106 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 7.

Which of the following procedures is NOT an adaptation of X-ray photography? a. b. c. d. e.

computed tomography MRI CT angiography both A and C

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 103 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

8.

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? a. b. c. d. e.

CT PET angiography EEG MRI

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 9.

Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it a. b. c. d. e.

pictures the brain in fine detail. involves angiography. provides an image of brain function. provides an image of brain structure. involves low levels of radioactivity.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 106 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 10.

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose before a. b. c. d. e.

a CT scan. magnetic resonance imaging. a contrast X-ray. positron emission tomography. a sodium amytal test.

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 106 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Applied

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

11.

The reason why radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that fluorodeoxyglucose a. b. c. d. e.

is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity. is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity. is not metabolized by neurons. both A and C both A and B

Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 106 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 12.

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of a. b. c. d. e.

oxygenated blood flow. water flow. nitric oxide flow. alpha waves. fluorodeoxyglucose.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 13.

Which technique records the BOLD signal? a. b. c. d. e.

MRI CT fMRI PET MEG

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 107 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

14.

Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive a. b. c. d. e.

water. glucose. fluorodeoxyglucose. oxygen. none of the above

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 108 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 15.

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? a. b. c. d. e.

functional MRI angiography PET CT EEG

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 108 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 16.

Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? a. b. c. d. e.

2-DG ERP TMS PET EEG

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

17.

Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of __________ between human cortical activity and cognition. a. b. c. d. e.

links causal relations correlations neural connections communication

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 Topic: Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Living Human Brain Type: Factual 18.

An electroencephalograph is a. b. c. d. e.

a gross measure of the electrical activity of the brain. a gross measure of the electrical activity of the cortex. a gross measure of the electrical activity of neurons. a gross measure of the electrical activity of groups of neurons. an EEG machine.

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 109 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 19.

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from a. b. c. d. e.

muscle. the hippocampus. the scalp. the neocortex. the heart.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 109 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Applied

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

20.

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with a. b. c. d. e.

high arousal. sleep. relaxed wakefulness. epilepsy. evoked potentials.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 109 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 21.

Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? a. b. c. d. e.

a neuropsychologist a psychophysiologist a physiological psychologist a psychopharmacologist a comparative psychologist

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 22.

Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of a. b. c. d. e.

large signals. sensory evoked potentials. random signals. the P300. far-field potentials.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

23.

The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a “raw” evoked potential is that a. b. c. d. e.

an AEP is usually unobservable. an AEP is an alpha wave. a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal. an AEP is a unit response. a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 24.

The P300 a. b. c. d. e.

is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer. is a negative EEG wave. is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click.

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 25.

The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential a. b. c. d. e.

always originate next to the scalp electrode. are far-field potentials. originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. all of the above both B and C

Answer: E Diff: 3 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

26.

Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are a. b. c. d. e.

almost always auditory. almost always visual. not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. of special interest to cognitive psychologists. almost always influenced by the meaning of the stimulus.

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 27.

The short-latency low-amplitude signals (indicated by the arrow) in this average auditory evoked potential are termed

a. b. c. d. e.

the P300. the P400. the ERP. the sensory evoked potential. far-field potentials.

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 110 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

28.

Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain? a. b. c. d. e.

MRI fMRI MEG EMG EEG

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 29.

MEG records a. b. c. d. e.

the time of particular EEG signals. changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp. the frequency of particular EEG signals. the latency of far-field potentials. the P300.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 30.

Muscle tension is monitored by a. b. c. d. e.

electroencephalography. electromyography. electrooculography. ERPs. MEGs.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

31.

Electrooculography is a. b. c. d. e.

usually performed with one electrode mounted on each cornea. a method of estimating eye movement. a method of measuring skin conductance. an indirect method of measuring pupil constriction. both A and B

Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 32.

Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring a. b. c. d. e.

penile engorgement. cortical activity. blood pressure. eye movement. muscle tension.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 33.

In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye? a. b. c. d. e.

4 8 3 1 6

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

34.

Illustrated here is

a. b. c. d. e.

electroencephalography. magnetoencephalography. electrooculography. plethysmography. electromyography.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 111 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 35.

If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin’s conductance of electricity. This response is called a. b. c. d. e.

a skin conductance response. an EKG. a skin conductance level. an average evoked potential. a P300 wave.

Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

36.

Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR? a. b. c. d. e.

gonads pituitary gland sweat glands pancreas adrenal glands

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 37.

Which of the following is a record of a person’s heart beat? a. b. c. d. e.

electrocardiogram ECG EKG all of the above both A and B

Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual 38.

Hypertension is a. b. c. d. e.

stress. caused by excitement. chronic high blood pressure. chronic low blood pressure. a sphygmomanometer.

Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Applied Rationale: Many students incorrectly select A.

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

39.

The level of 130/70 mmHg is a. b. c. d. e.

indicative of stress. the ratio of diastolic to total systolic blood pressure. a healthy human blood pressure. indicative of hypertension. both A and C

Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Applied Rationale: Everybody should know this. 40.

Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure? a. b. c. d. e.

sphygmomanometers plethysmographs oscilloscopes electrodes ERPs

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Applied 41.

Penile erection is a. b. c. d. e.

a muscular response. an electromyographic response. a plethysmographic response. a sphygmomanometric response. an aberrant response.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

42.

Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires a. b. c. d. e.

a stereotaxic atlas. a stereotaxic instrument. a head holder. an electrode holder. all of the above

Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Applied 43.

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is a. b. c. d. e.

autoradiography. cryogenesis. perfusion. stereotaxic surgery. aspiration.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 112 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Applied 44.

Bregma is a. b. c. d. e.

the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. a naughty word. a type of electrode holder. both A and B

Answer: E Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

45.

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is a. b. c. d. e.

smegma. lambda. the intersection between two major tracts. bregma. both C and D

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual 46.

Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by a. b. c. d. e.

the electrolytic method. aspiration. radio-frequency current. transection. stereotaxic surgery.

Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual 47.

Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with damage to major blood vessels? a. b. c. d. e.

aspiration lesions electrolytic lesions radio-frequency lesions knife cuts lobotomy

Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual

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Chapter 5: The Research Methods of Biopsychology

48.

The __________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced by a radio-frequency lesion. a. b. c. d. e.

vibration current induction heat ion deposits acid

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual 49.

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done, a. b. c. d. e.

destroy only those neurons that have been cooled. produce a discrete area of permanent damage. destroy neurons by freezing them. produce no permanent neural damage. eliminate all neural activity in the brain for about 3 hours.

Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual 50.

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because a. b. c. d. e.

the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks. the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two. it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain. it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs. the subjects usually survive.

Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 113 Topic: Invasive Physiological Research Methods Type: Factual

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