Chapter 5 PDF

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HDFS 3700; Spring 2016; Practice test...

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Chapter 5—Peer Groups Multiple Choice

1.

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as: A) friends. B) buddies. C) peers. D) chums. Answer: C

2.

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents. A) more; than B) less; than C) as much; as D) There is too much conflicting data on this issue to give a definitive answer. Answer: A

3.

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents? A) Adam, who lives in the United States B) Sanjay, who lives in India C) Helmut, who lives in Germany D) Jean-Luc, who lives in France Answer: B

4.

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called: A) mainstreaming. B) tracking. C) age grading. D) reference grouping. Answer: C

5.

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except: A) tougher child labor laws.

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B) rise of secondary education. C) decrease in family values. D) increase of extracurricular activities. Answer: C

6. A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what? A) a generation X B) a cohort C) an age-graded society D) a census group Answer: B

7.

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar: A) baby boom. B) depression. C) infantile fixation. D) cohort effect. Answer: A

8.

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to: A) decrease. B) increase. C) remain constant. D) unable to predict. Answer: C

9.

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except: A) he wants to see how funds are allocated for such things as social services, education, and health care. B) he wants to understand the behavior of different cohorts. C) he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media. D) he wants to see the degree of political or social influence that given cohorts have. Answer: C

10.

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to TB-5 | 2

such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents’ authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called: A) the Woodstock generation. B) the dead poet’s society. C) the lost boys. D) the youth culture. Answer: D

11.

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome “youth culture”? A) Margaret Mead B) Eleanor Maccoby C) Brad Brown D) James Coleman Answer: D

12.

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents: A) showed high rates of drug and alcohol abuse. B) reported frequent periods of loneliness. C) placed less emphasis on academic success than their parents. D) spent more time with their parents than with their peers. Answer: C

13.

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except: A) academics. B) sports. C) dating. D) partying. Answer: A

14.

A reason stated in the text to explain why today’s youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents: A) have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults. B) have developed a great deal of anger toward adults. C) look at their country’s leaders and see what a low standard has been set in terms of education, so they follow these role models. D) are not challenged by today’s educational curriculum. Answer: A

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15.

According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to: A) use marijuana. B) engage in sexual activity. C) drink alcohol. D) use cocaine. Answer: C

16.

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________than adolescents in previous times. A) are more susceptible to the influences of their peers B) are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence C) spend more time in peer groups D) report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups Answer: C

17.

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a: A) particularistic norm. B) universalistic norm. C) hierarchy norm. D) age separation. Answer: A

18. The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except: A) divorce is more commonplace. B) families move residences every few years. C) adolescents experience pressure from the mass media. D) adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations. Answer: D

19.

In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of: A) particularistic norm. B) universalistic norm. C) age separation. D) age grading. Answer: B

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20.

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are: A) particularistic. B) universalistic. C) ethnographic. D) sociometric. Answer: B

21. In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies. A) not effective; effective B) effective; not effective C) effective; effective D) not effective; not effective Answer: A

22. All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except: A) taking piano lessons. B) being allowed to vote upon turning 18. C) stopping at traffic lights when driving. D) being required to file taxes annually. Answer: A

23. Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________ A) particularistic; universalistic B) universalistic; idealistic C) universalistic; particularistic D) idealistic; particularistic Answer: C

24. In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers? A) anxious and desperate adolescents B) desperate and confident adolescents C) unconcerned and confident adolescents

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D) unconcerned and anxious adolescents Answer: B

25. Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except: A) liaisons. B) isolates. C) clique members. D) clique avoiders. Answer: D

26. According to Brown’s (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? A) one-sixth B) one-half C) two-thirds D) one-third Answer: A

27.

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except: A) an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. B) a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. C) an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. D) a decrease in the size of their peer groups. Answer: D

28.

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers? A) Maya, a white female B) Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female C) Hillary, an African-American female D) Mike, an Asian-American male Answer: A

29.

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of: A) teachers. TB-5 | 6

B) relatives. C) mixed-age peers. D) same-age peers. Answer: D

30.

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities: A) Little League baseball B) going to the mall with his friends C) hanging out at his friend’s house unsupervised D) girl-watching Answer: A

31.

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan’s social life been influenced by? A) age-grading B) sex cleavage C) cliques D) the baby boom Answer: B

32.

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups? A) mixed-sex groups B) less adult supervision C) sex cleavage D) the emergence of peer “crowds” Answer: C

33.

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as: A) brother-sister avoidance. B) sex cleavage. C) youth culture. D) sex grading. Answer: B

34.

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular minicultures. Professor Gates is studying: A) peer collectives.

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B) cliques. C) crowds. D) subcultures. Answer: C

35.

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence? A) biological B) cognitive C) social D) All of the above Answer: B

36.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except: A) more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques. B) girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. C) boys are more likely than girls to be considered “isolates.” D) adolescents’ positions in their schools’ social network are relatively stable over time. Answer: A

37.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: A) a crowd. B) a clique. C) a reference group. D) a youth culture. Answer: B

38.

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction. A) Cliques; crowds B) Crowds; reference groups C) Reference groups; cliques D) Crowds; cliques Answer: A

39.

“Druggies,” “jocks,” and “nerds” are examples of: A) crowds. B) cliques.

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C) youth cultures. D) gangs. Answer: A

40.

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don’t always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled: A) a gang. B) a reference group. C) a crowd. D) a clique. Answer: C

41.

In contrast to crowds, cliques: A) are settings for adolescents’ intimate interactions. B) help adolescents locate themselves within the social structure of their school. C) channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others. D) provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others. Answer: A

42.

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools? A) populars B) druggies C) metalheads D) jocks Answer: D

43.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________. A) crowd; crowd B) crowd; clique C) clique; crowd D) clique; clique Answer: C

44.

A research technique in which the researcher “infiltrates” a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called: A) naturalistic observation.

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B) a longitudinal approach. C) a demographic approach. D) participant observation. Answer: D

45.

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents’ peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called: A) naturalistic observation. B) an ethnographic approach. C) a demographic approach. D) participant observation. Answer: D

46.

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except: A) peer groups disintegrate. B) pairs of dating adolescents split off from the larger group. C) larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques. D) couples become the focus of social activity. Answer: C

47.

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. A) same sex; opposite sex B) same sex; same sex C) opposite sex; same sex D) opposite sex; opposite sex Answer: A

48.

A(an) _____is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique. A) liaison; isolate B) hopper; loner C) isolate; liaison D) isolate; mixer Answer: C

49.

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: A) childhood. TB-5 | 10

B) preadolescence. C) middle adolescence. D) late adolescence. Answer: C

50.

According to Kinney’s research, youngsters who were “nerds” in middle school: A) were automatically labeled “dweebs” in high school. B) were the “popular” group in high school. C) could never become part of another crowd. D) had opportunities to shift status in high school. Answer: D

51.

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure: A) peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. B) peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. C) shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. D) shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood. Answer: B

52. Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds? A) their structure becomes less hierarchical B) their structure becomes more permeable C) their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the “preppy” group becomes “the Playstation crowd”) D) their structure becomes more differentiated Answer: C

53.

By the end of high school, crowds: A) have become a defining influence in the adolescent’s life. B) increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent’s identity. C) become less important to adolescents. D) peak in their importance to adolescents. Answer: C

54.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way? A) identity development B) dating opportunities TB-5 | 11

C) occupied his free time D) improved relationships with parents Answer: A

55.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions: A) intelligence level; sociability B) adult orientation; peer orientation C) maturity; identity D) demandingness; responsiveness Answer: B

56.

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in: A) his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. B) institutions valued by adults, but not involved in his peer culture. C) his peer culture, but not involved in institutions valued by adults. D) neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults. Answer: A

57.

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? A) “nerds” B) “populars” C) “partyers” D) “toughs” Answer: B

58.

Tony belongs to a peer culture called “the toughs.” We would expect that Tony is: A) involved with sports. B) well liked by most of his peers. C) respected as someone who looks out for others. D) possibly a gang member. Answer: D

59.

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called: A) a clique. B) a reference group. C) a crowd. D) a youth culture. Answer: B

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60.

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the “jocks.” The crowd with which Ben associates serves as: A) a reference group. B) a clique. C) a youth culture. D) a fraternity. Answer: A

61.

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? A) “nerds” B) “populars” C) “druggies” D) “normals” Answer: C

62.

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. A) lower B) the same C) higher D) Self-esteem varies from person to person. Answer: C

63.

Chuck is part of the “jock” crowd at his school. Greg is part of the “toughs.” Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem? A) Chuck B) Greg C) Both, because they belong to a cohesive group. D) It depends on their position within the groups. Answer: A

64.

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time? A) jocks and brains B) jocks and populars TB-5 | 13

C) brains and populars D) populars and normals Answer: A

65.

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except: A) cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests. B) adolescents’ increasing concerns about sex roles. C) adolescents’ concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities. D) parents’ fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity. Answer: D

66.

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on: A) common interests. B) gender. C) religion. D) social class. Answer: D

67.

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships? A) Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school B) Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates C) Candice, who is involved in athletics D) Deborah, who is home-schooled Answer: B

68.

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except: A) differential abilities in athletics. B) socioeconomic influences. C) differential levels of academic achievement. D) attitudes toward other races. Answer: A

69.

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships. A) attitudes toward school achievement B) musical taste C) patterns of substance use

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D) sports ability Answer: C

70.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have: A) been coerced by their peers to join. B) had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood. C) been involved in drugs and alcohol. D) repo...