Chapter 6: Surveys and Observations PDF

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CHAPTER 6: Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do 16. Which of the following statements is true of observational data? a. Observational measures automatically have good construct validity. b. Observational measures cannot be used to make causal claims. c. Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims. d. Observational measures provide better information than self-report data. 17. A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were “bloomers” and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the “bloomers” showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the “bloomers” in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. A masked study design d. Self-report operationalization 19. Masked, or blind, study designs are designed to deal with: a. yea-saying biases. b. bystander effect. C. observer bias. D. faking good. 20. RESEARCH STUDY 6.2: Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. He is concerned about: a. reactivity. b. observer bias. C. faking good. D. interrater reliability 21. Dr. Ewell is concerned that the children will behave differently because of the presence of research assistants. Which of the following could he do to address this concern? a. Make the observations himself instead of using a research assistant b. Have two undergraduate research assistants make the observations instead of just one c. Observe the same-sex friend pairs on the first day and the opposite-sex friend pairs on the second day d. Hide a video camera in the daycare center and record the children playing without them knowing 22. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. This technique is known as: a. a blind study design. b. unobtrusive observation.

CHAPTER 6: Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do C. delayed observation. D. a double-blind study design. 23. Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the of their measures. a. face validity b. convergent validity C. interrater reliability d. test-retest reliability 29. The construct validity of observations can be threatened by all of the following EXCEPT: a. observer bias. b. observer effects. C. reactivity. D. socially desirable responding. 30. Observer bias relates mainly to , whereas observer effects stem from a. validity; reliability b. researchers; participants C. faking good; faking bad D. outcomes; expectations 31. Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? a. Blending in with the surroundings b. Waiting to begin observations c. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively d. Using multiple observers 32. Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following? a. Observer bias b. Observer effects c. Reactivity d. Nay-saying 35. Which of the following is another term for response sets? a. Observer bias b. Nondifferentiation c. Socially desirable responding d. Uniqueness

37. Faking good is also known as: a. fence sitting. b. acquiescence. C. socially desirable responding.

CHAPTER 6: Surveys and Observations: Describing What People Do d. Nondifferentiation. 41. Which of the following is true of question wording? a. It has no effect on the results of a survey/poll. b. No research has scientifically demonstrated that question wording affects the answers participants give. c. Differences in how questions are worded always lead to different results. d. Researchers may alter the wording of a question to determine if it does have an effect on the results. 45. A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? a. Behavioral observations b. Self-report questions c. Both behavioral observations and self-report questions are equally good for finding out what people really do. d. Neither behavioral observations nor self-report questions is desirable for finding out what people really do. 46. Which of the following is true of behavioral observation? a. It requires recording technology, such as video cameras. b. It requires a research assistant to be with the participant at all times. c. It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions. d. It is a more reliable and valid method than self-report methodology. 48. Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? a. Acquiescence b. Fence sitting c. Socially desirable responding d. Observer bias 49. Which of the following is a good reason a researcher may give for using observational methods as opposed to self-report methods? a. “I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of my conceptual variable.” b. “I do not want to have to worry about ethics.” c. “I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it.” d. “I want to make a causal claim.”...