Chapter 7 - deff and quiz PDF

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chapter 7 definitions and chapter 7 quiz questions...

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CHAPTER 7  Arrest: taking a person into custody in the manner authorized by law to present that person before a magistrate to answer for the commission of a crime  Bugging: using a machine to record conversations within a room without the consent of those involved.  Close surveillance: staying within a few steps of the subject or keeping the subject in sight; used when it is extremely important not to lose the subject; also called tight surveillance  Cover: assumed identity used while on an undercover assignment  Criminal profiling: method of suspect identification that attempts to identify the individual’s mental, emotional, and psychological characteristics; also called psychological profiling  De facto arrest: functional equivalent of an arrest illegally bringing someone in for questioning without probable cause; any evidence obtained through this method is inadmissible in court  Entrapment: tricking someone into committing a crime that he or she would not normally commit  Excessive force: more than ordinary force, justified only when exceptional resistance occur and there is no other way to make the arrest  Field identification: on-the-scene identification of a suspect by the victim of or witnesses to a crime, conducted within a short time after the crime was committed; also called show-up identification  Fixed surveillance: observing a location from a fixed location; also called plant and stakeout  Force: the amount of physical influence required to control a person’s behavior under policy authority  Geographic profiling: uses the fact that everyone has a pattern to their lives, particularly in relation to the geographical areas they frequent, to help identify suspects who commit multiple crimes (serial criminals)  Loose surveillance: moving surveillance used when it is more important to remain undetected than to keep the subject under constant observation  Open surveillance: no extraordinary means are used to remain undetected; also called rough surveillance  Plant: observing a location from a fixed location; also called fixed surveillance and stakeout  Pretextual traffic stops: stops of vehicles when an officer’s intent (pretext) was not the real reason for the stop; presence of an ulterior motive by an officer for the stop  Psychological profiling: attempts to identify an individual's mental, emotional and psychological characteristics to provide investigators with corroborative information about a known suspect or possible leads to an unknown suspect; also called criminal profiling or simply profiling  Racial profiling: occurs when an officer focuses on an individual as a suspect based solely on that person’s race, excluding legitimate factors such as behavior; this is unconstitutional  Raid: a planned, organized invasion that uses the element of surprise to recover stolen property, seize evidence, or arrest a suspect  Reasonable force: amount of force a prudent person would use in similar circumstances  Rough surveillance: moving surveillance in which it does not matter if the surveillance is detected; also called and open surveillance  Show-up identification: on-the scene identification of a suspect by a victim of or witness to a crime; also called field identification

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Solvability factors: those crucial to resolving criminal investigations Stakeout: observing a location from a fixed location; also called fixed surveillance and plant Subject: what is observed during surveillance; for example, a person, place, property, vehicle, group of people, organization, or object Surveillance: covert, discrete observation of people or places Surveillant: plainclothes investigator assigned to surveillance Tail: following people or vehicles on foo or in a vehicle to observe their actions or destinations Tight surveillance: staying within a few steps of the subject or keeping the subject in sight; used when it is extremely important not to lose the subject; also called tight surveillance Undercover: using an assumed identity to obtain information or evidence Wiretapping: intercepting and recording telephone conversations by a mechanical device without the consent of either party in the conversation.

1. When deciding whether to investigate a crime, ___ factors should be considered. 1. Solvability b. At times, a witness or victim of a crime must make an on-the-scene identification of a suspect, shortly after the crime has occured. What term refers to this identification process? 1. Show-up b. United States v Ash, Jr. established that a suspect does not have the right to have an attorney present at a _____. 1. Photographic lineup b. Assume a burglar forces open a rear residential door with a pry bar while people are on vacation. He only steals cash and jewelry from the homes that he breaks into. He always urinates and never flushes the toilet in these homes. He may be tracked down later because of his ____. 1. Unique modus operandi b. “The use of discretionary authority by law enforcement officers in encounters with minority motorists, typically within the context of a traffic stop, that result in the disparate treatment of minorities” best defines which term? 1. Racial profiling b. Height, weight, and length of a person’s stride can all be determined from which forensic tracking technique? 1. Footprints b. The cover, discrete observation of people or places is called ____. 1. Surveillance b. When the police use only that degree of physical force needed to overcome resistance, it is referred to as ____. 1. Reasonable force b. In Schmerber v. California, the Court held that if you refuse to be in a police lineup, _____. 1. It can be used against you in court b. In United States v. Wade, the Court said the suspects ______. 1. Have a right to have an attorney present during a lineup b. An officer is following a subject on a busy city street. The officer is staying just a few steps behind the subject. What best describes this type of surveillance? 1. Close tail

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b. “The conception and planning of an offense by an offender, and his procurement of its commission by one who would not have perpetrated it except for the trickery, persuasion, or fraud of the officer” best described which term? 1. Entrapment b. TWS technology helps officers to determine if someone is in a room before putting themselves in harm’s way and to save lives by using motion and images to differentiate between a hostage and a hostage taker. TSW stands for ______. 1. Through- the- wall surveillance b. In Katz v U.S., the Court held that _____. 1. People, not places, are protected from unreasonable searches b. Sorrels v. United States explained the need for the police to use which tactic in obtaining evidence? 1. Trickery b. Field identification or show-up identification is the identification of a suspect by a victim or witness of a crime at the crime scene. The show- up must ____. 1. Occur close in time to the incident b. Victims or witnesses in a field identification may be positioned so that ____ 1. They can see the suspect but the suspect cannot see them b. If the victim or witness does not know the suspect but saw him or her clearly, ____ 1. Mug shots may be used b. Surveillance, undercover assignments, and raids are used only ____ 1. When normal methods of continuing the investigation fail to produce results b. Most state laws define a(n) ____ in general terms as “the taking of a person into custody in the manner authorized by law for the purpose of presenting that person before a magistrate to answer for the commission of a crime.” 1. Arrest b. If an officer establishes probable cause to arrest, and if the suspect resists, the officer may use force, but if he does, he may leave himself _____. 1. Open to civil liability b. SWAT stands for ____. 1. Special Weapons and Tactics b. Police officers may make an arrest for any ____. 1. Crime committed in their presence b. Which statement is true? 1. IF there is probably cause to believe a suspect has committed a felony and there is no time to obtain an arrest warrant, an officer can make an arrest without the warrant. b. United States v. Ash, Jr. established that a suspect does not have the right to have an attorney present at a ____. 1. Field identification

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