Chapter 7 Handouts - Dr Shillinstad PDF

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Dr Shillinstad...

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CHAPTER 7 MODERN AMERICAN EDUCATION: FROM THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT TO THE PRESENT Direction: Highlight key ideas for each section

● The Twentieth Century Unfolds

-Economic Growth: Rapid growth for the railroads and other transportation and communication industries. - Also a dark chapter in American history because business leaders fell to greed which led to unsanitary working environments

-Politics and Reform: politics became corrupted and there was no regard for welfare and tax payers - workers sought to improve their plight through labor unions - the progressives challenged the ideal of limited government and urged the government to protect consumers

-Changes in Education: increased urbanization allowed the building of larger, better schools - school population increased ● Progressive Era in Education Outline key ideas that led to the progressive education movement in the United States. • The Beginnings of Progressive Education - schools open to air and sunlight - improved sanitation of facilities - lower student-teacher ratios - added health care and food services to schools responsibilities -John Dewey - child centered curriculum: learning through experience, not memorization - education is most effective when focusing on the social, emotional, and physical needs of the children -Ella Flagg Young - stronger influencer of Dewey

- encouraged democracy in the classroom -Progressive Education Association: key ideas - child’s freedom to develop naturally - interest provides motivation for work - teacher guides the learning process - scientific study of student development - attention to contributors to child development - cooperation between school and home - progressive school as leader in education -Influence of the Progressive Movement on Higher Education: - was found in higher education too (University of Wisconsin) - college enrollment increased and most students were seeking a professional or technical education -The Child Study Movement: - G Stanley Hall focused on learning the development of a child and using that to help teachers better teach -The Measurement Movement: - IQ: a number indicating the level of mental development - military use of intelligence tests discovered many military personnel has educational deficiencies

Education During the Great Depression - list key ideas for each section -Indian New Deal - Cessation of the sale of indian land - organization of tribal councils as legal bodies - investment in the Bureau of Indian Affairs

-George C. Counts and Social Reconstructionism - Challenged child centered doctrine and believed education should address socioeconomic issues -William C. Bagley and the Essentialists - declared US education weak compared to other countries - Argued to educate society with fundamental skills and subjects that provide a basis for understanding

-The Impact of the Second World War on the Schools - resulted in fewer classroom instructors, reduced terms, school closures, fewer course offerings, and lower enrollment -Education in the Postwar Era: - education benefits to 7.8 million veterans - higher education enrollment grew in numbers and student diversity -The Critics and the Decline of Progressive Education - argued for basic curriculum and ability grouping -The Montessori Movement - Montessori schools emphasized sensory training and the use of didactic materials, learning episodes, and physical exercise ● From Sputnik to the New Federalism: list key ideas -What were the Curriculum Reforms? - Spiral Curriculum: sequencing pattern of subjects presented over a number of grades with increasing complexity - teachers were trained to focus on english, math, science, and social science -Education and the War on Poverty - provided subsidized housing, improved health care, expanded social services, job retraining, and regional planning •

Federal Education Legislations -Economic Opportunity Act (1964) established Job Corps to train youth in basic literacy skills and employment - Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) of 1965 provided $1 million in education funds - Higher Education Act (1965) provided funds to colleges and universities and loans and scholarships to students • The Civil Rights Movement list key ideas -The Brown Decision - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954): segregated educational facilities no longer legal; separate but equal inherently unequal -The Civil Rights Act and School Desegregation - Civil Rights Act of 1964 ▪ Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, national origin in institutions receiving federal aid ▪ Title VII prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, religion, national

origin, or sex ▪ Provided federal funding to schools attempting to desegregate and authorized withholding of funds to schools or agencies violating the law •

Further Advances in Equal Educational Opportunity: o There were more opportunities and resources for bilingual education and sexual discrimination was prohibited

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The 1970s: Retreat and Retrenchment

The New Federalism and the New Reform Movement -The 1980s: Renewed Conservatism and Reform - Top-down first wave: • States enacted higher graduation requirements, standardized curriculum mandates, increased testing of teachers and students, and raised teacher certification requirements -The 1990s: National Goals, National Standards, and Choice -School Choice Bottom-up second wave (1986): • Redistribution of power of critical stakeholders • Decentralization, site-based management, teacher empowerment, parental involvement, choice • Year-round schools, longer school days and years, new modes of government, alternative funding, and a commitment to technology -The End of a Presidency, the End of a Century - Clinton came into office and planned to implement national education goals A New Century: New Federal and State Roles -No Child Left Behind and the “New” Educational Federalism -the reauthorization of ESEA and furthered standards and accountability requirements -The Obama Administration: Increased Federal Involvement - Obama administration granted waivers to states to bypass NCLB requirements regarding ▪ 100% proficiency by 2014 ▪ How schools were identified as failing ▪ The use of federal funds -Standards and Testing Retreat

- CCSS made it so kids around the world were taking similar tests and the tests aligned the work they were doing in the classroom...