Chapter 7 - Lecture notes CHP 7 PDF

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Notes from the chapter. Class: CJ 202. Teacher Kaleb Littlejohn...

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Chapter 7: Crime Detection and Investigation Criminal Investigation Defined • Criminal investigation is the process of collecting crime related information to reach certain goals  Criminal evidence ▪Supposed facts and knowledge that relate to a particular crime or perpetrator Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 3 Types of Criminal Investigations • Reactive investigations • Cold-case investigations • Undercover investigations Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 4 Types of Criminal Investigations • Types of undercover operations Stings Decoys  Undercover fencing operations Stakeouts  Surveillance • Entrapment Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 5 Proof in Criminal Investigations • Proof

• Standards of proof Probable cause  Reasonable suspicion  Beyond a reasonable doubt Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 6 Proof in Criminal Investigations • Table 7.1: “Standards of Proof in Criminal Matters” Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 7 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Inculpatory versus Exculpatory  Inculpatory evidence  Exculpatory evidence • Direct versus Indirect  Direct evidence  Indirect evidence Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 8 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Types of criminal evidence  Physical evidence  Biological evidence and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ▪DNA analysis ▪Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

9 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Information from witnesses and victims  Investigative interview • Eyewitness identification  Provide information for composite sketch; mug shot book; showup; photo lineup; physical lineup Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 10 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Information from perpetrators  Interrogation Confession ▪Most powerful and persuasive form of evidence Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 11 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Crime scene profiling  technique for identifying the major personality and behavioral characteristic of an individual based upon an analysis of the crimes committed. Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 12 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations

• Information from the public  Sometimes people are not aware that the witnessed a crime or have information that may aid police Methods ▪Neighborhood canvas, tip-line, special alert • America’s Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response (AMBER) alert Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 13 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Confidential informants (CIs)  Members of the public who assist law enforcement in an active and ongoing capacity.  Often used in undercover operations  CIs are often associated with the criminal underworld Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 14 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Gang intelligence  Gang members are disproportionately involved in criminal activity  Some departments have specialized units designed to collect an act upon gang information  Information may come from citizens, CIs, officers, or offenders Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

15 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Crime analysis  Involves the collection and analysis of data pertaining to a criminal incident, offender, or target.  May be used as the basis for police policy and strategy Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 16 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Electronic databases and information networks  Intradepartmental databases: operated and maintained by a single law enforcement agency  Interdepartmental databases: databases available to police agencies nationwide Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 17 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Computers and other electronic devices  Digital evidence ▪Documents ▪Phone numbers ▪Location of device ▪Emails ▪Photos ▪Text messages

Brandl, Police in America 1e. SAGE Publishing, 2018. 18 Forms and Types of Evidence in Criminal Investigations • Social networking and other Internet sites  Gather information  Disseminate information  Craigslist, Facebook, Twitter, and so on...