Chapter 7 - Personality Stability, Development, and Change PDF

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Chapter 7 – Personality Stability, Development, and Change MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Developmental Personality Psychology is the study of personality ________ and ________. a. structure; organization c. consistency; stability b. traits; facets d. judgment; accuracy ANS: C OBJ: 7.3

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability, Development, and Change MSC: Understanding

2. According to the text, what paradox is central to the study of personality development? a. People’s personality traits both change and stay consistent over time. b. People’s personalities change both across their entire lives and in response to specific events. c. People develop their personalities according to both nature and nurture. d. Some people’s personalities change dramatically over the life span, and some people don’t change at all. ANS: A OBJ: 7.3

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability, Development, and Change MSC: Understanding

3. When individuals have rank-order personality consistency, they maintain the ways in which they ________ other people the same age. a. are the same as c. are different from b. spend time with d. are liked by ANS: C OBJ: 7.1

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability MSC: Understanding

4. In one study, researchers found that personality trait scores from the same people measured 10 years apart correlated between r  .60 and r  .90. This is evidence for a. personality stability. c. mean level change. b. personality accuracy. d. adaptability. ANS: A OBJ: 7.1

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Evidence for Stability MSC: Understanding

5. Personality disorders generally ________ across the life span. a. are responsive to therapy and become less severe b. are stable c. get worse d. become less severe ANS: B OBJ: 7.1

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Evidence for Stability MSC: Understanding

6. Which of the following serves as evidence for the claim that personality remains stable throughout the life span? a. Due to major life events throughout young adulthood, people undergo significant personality trait changes. b. The impact of major life events is similar in young adulthood and later in life. c. People’s personalities tend to deviate from their peers’ to a lesser extent as they get older. d. Childhood personality ratings are predictive of adult life outcomes. ANS: D OBJ: 7.1

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Personality Stability: Evidence for Stability

7. Which of the following is NOT a basic aspect of childhood temperament? a. positive emotionality c. effortful control b. negative emotionality d. heterotypic continuity ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: From Temperament to Personality OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Remembering 8. According to the text, the personality one begins with is known as one’s a. rank-order consistency. c. temperament. b. trait structure. d. social clock. ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: From Temperament to Personality OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Remembering 9. As a child, Brett always had a lot of energy at his parent’s social gatherings. As an adult, he makes a point to talk to everyone attending a party. This is an example of a. personal-environment transactions. c. heterotypic continuity. b. temperament. d. cumulative continuity. ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: From Temperament to Personality OBJ: 7.1 MSC: Applying 10. Which of the following is NOT a known physical factor that influences personality development? a. height c. gender b. attractiveness d. ethnicity ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Physical and Environmental Factors OBJ: 7.2 MSC: Understanding

11. According to psychologist Frank Sulloway, firstborns are more ________ compared to those born later. a. conscientious c. open to experience b. neurotic d. extraverted ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Birth Order OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Remembering 12. John was bullied a lot in grade school. Given this early experience, which of the following behaviors is John MOST likely to exhibit later in life? a. self-confidence and resilience c. depression and apathy b. anxiety and disorganized thoughts d. laziness and irresponsibility ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Early Experience OBJ: 7.11 MSC: Applying 13. Between ages 10 and 20, levels of extraversion tend to ________ and then ________. a. decrease; increase c. decrease; stay the same b. level off; stay the same d. increase; level off ANS: C Studies OBJ: 7.2

DIF:

Moderate

REF: Personality Development: Cross-Sectional

MSC: Remembering

14. ________ generally refers to the traits that help a person to fulfill socially important adult roles such as being a spouse, a parent, or a worker. a. Responsibility c. Maturity b. Consistency d. Generativity ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Cumulative Continuity and Maturity OBJ: 7.6 MSC: Remembering 15. The processes by which people respond to, seek out, and create environments that are compatible with their personalities are called a. cumulative personalities continuity. b. person-environment transactions. c. personality-life-history transactions. d. birth-order effects. ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Person-Environment Transactions OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Remembering

16. The process by which a person seeks out compatible environments and avoids incompatible ones is called a. active person-environmental transaction. b. reactive person-environment transaction. c. evocative person-environment transaction. d. heterotypic continuity. ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Person-Environment Transactions OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Remembering 17. In line with the ________ process, if someone is high on conscientiousness, they will most likely select environments that promote achievement and order. a. evocative person-environment transaction b. active person-environment transaction c. reactive person-environment transaction d. heterotypic continuity ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Person-Environment Transactions OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Understanding 18. Richard is an introvert and finds himself miserable at parties. His response is an example of a(n) ________ person-environment transaction. a. active c. inactive b. evocative d. reactive ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Person-Environment Transactions OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Applying 19. Consistency of individual differences in personality typically ________ over the life span. a. decreases c. increases b. stays the same d. increases and then decreases ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: Cumulative Continuity and Maturity OBJ: 7.1 MSC: Understanding 20. According to previous research, when does personality stop developing? a. There’s no way to know for sure; the evidence is inconclusive. b. Personality stops developing somewhere between childhood and adolescence. c. Personality stops developing by the time someone turns 30. d. Personality continues to develop throughout the entire life span. ANS: D

DIF:

Easy

REF: Personality Stability: Causes of Stability: The End of History? OBJ: 7.8 MSC: Understanding 21. Personality development is the a. mean level change of a trait over time. b. cross-situational consistency of a trait. c. rank-order change of a trait across individuals. d. change in social status of an individual over time. ANS: A OBJ: 7.3

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Development MSC: Remembering

22. Joaquim is 65 years old. Relative to his personality as a 20-year-old, John has likely ________ in openness to experience. a. increased c. decreased b. stayed pretty much the same d. increased and then decreased ANS: A Studies OBJ: 7.2

DIF:

Moderate

REF: Personality Development: Cross-Sectional

MSC: Applying

23. According to a recent large-scale cross-sectional study that measured personality stereotypes of people in 26 different countries, adolescents around the world in today’s age tend to be a. agreeable and considerate. c. conscientious and studious. b. impulsive and rebellious. d. aggressive and angry. ANS: B Studies OBJ: 7.5

DIF:

Easy

REF: Personality Development: Cross-Sectional

MSC: Remembering

24. A current study is surveying people of different ages in order to understand whether individuals’ levels of subjective well-being change across the life span. What type of developmental study is this? a. longitudinal c. informant b. cross-sectional d. experimental ANS: B Studies OBJ: 7.8

DIF:

Easy

REF: Personality Development: Cross-Sectional

MSC: Understanding

25. According to a classic study, individuals who grew up during the Great Depression had different attitudes regarding work and financial security than those who did not grow up during this time. These findings provide evidence for a. the maturity principle. c. rank-order stability of personality. b. cohort effects. d. cumulative continuity principle.

ANS: B OBJ: 7.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Cohort Effects MSC: Understanding

26. Personality psychologists are currently debating whether young adults in the 21st century are more ________ than previous generations. a. self-centered and narcissistic c. agreeable and happy b. depressed and anxious d. hardworking and diligent ANS: A OBJ: 7.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Cohort Effects MSC: Understanding

27. What is a well-known issue with cross-sectional methodology? a. the length of time it takes to collect data from each and every age group b. the possibility that cohort differences determine differences between age groups c. the difficulty in obtaining data from each and every age group d. the possibility that one group is overrepresented in the study ANS: B OBJ: 7.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Cohort Effects MSC: Understanding

28. According to recent evidence, results from longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies about personality traits are a. only slightly different. c. not comparable. b. drastically different. d. only the same in certain contexts. ANS: A OBJ: 7.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Longitudinal Studies MSC: Understanding

29. What is a key strength of longitudinal personality development studies? a. They are easy and quick to complete. b. They are not biased by the cohort effect. c. They are typically high powered with many thousand participants. d. They are not affected by attrition. ANS: B OBJ: 7.5

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Longitudinal Studies MSC: Understanding

30. Based on personality development research conducted over the last 40 years, what can we conclude regarding William James’s claim that personality is “set like plaster” by age 30? a. He was more or less correct. b. He was very wrong. c. There is not yet enough evidence to know whether he was correct. d. He was wrong in the sense that personality remains stable after age 50. ANS: B OBJ: 7.8

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Longitudinal Studies MSC: Understanding

31. Ajay has just begun his first professional job. Ajay will MOST likely display an increase in which trait? a. extraversion c. conscientiousness b. openness to experience d. agreeableness ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Causes of Personality Development OBJ: 7.2 MSC: Applying 32. According to psychologist Ravenna Helson, someone who stays “on time” in relation to their social clock a. receives social approval. b. feels no different than someone who is “behind.” c. receives social shaming. d. feels as if they have not “lived.” ANS: A OBJ: 7.2

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Social Clock MSC: Understanding

33. Research suggests that women who follow ________ reported being content and satisfied with life 20 years after graduation. a. the Feminine Social Clock b. the Masculine Social Clock c. neither the Feminine Social Clock nor the Masculine Social Clock d. either the Feminine Social Clock or Masculine Social Clock ANS: D OBJ: 7.2

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Social Clock MSC: Understanding

34. Maria is in her late twenties and is a manager at an advertising company. According to the text, Maria is following the ________ Clock. a. Feminine Social c. Masculine Social b. Neither Social d. Occupational Achievement ANS: C OBJ: 7.2

DIF: Moderate MSC: Applying

REF: Personality Development: The Social Clock

35. According to Dan McAdams, the narrative theme of “agency” organizes the life story around a. an event that seemed terrible at the time but had positive consequences in the end. b. individuals who had a particular influence in the trajectory of one’s life. c. episodes of challenging oneself and then accomplishing one’s goals. d. a high point, a low point, and a turning point. ANS: C

DIF:

Moderate

REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Remembering 36. As the author of one’s own autobiography, one forms a(n) a. sense of purpose. c. intellectual identity. b. well-rounded personality. d. narrative identity. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Understanding 37. What is the correct order of narrative identity development over the life course, according to Dan McAdams? a. actor, agent, author c. agent, actor, author b. author, agent, actor d. agent, author, actor ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Understanding 38. In the last month, Oscar learned to drive and began working at his first job. These new developments are helping him to see himself as an a. agent. c. author. b. actor. d. artist. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Applying 39. Ashley has always wanted to be a great lawyer. After years of hard work, she has just graduated from law school and in the next few weeks will begin working as a junior partner at a national law firm. Ashley is beginning to see herself as an a. agent. c. author. b. artist. d. actor. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Applying 40. Paul used to abuse alcohol and at his lowest point, his father helped him become sober. Now Paul and his father are closer than they ever have been. Paul’s story is an example of a(n) ________ story. a. agency c. redemptive b. interpersonal d. communion ANS: C

DIF:

Moderate

REF: Personality Development: The Development of Narrative Identity OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Applying 41. Young people with life-threatening illnesses appear to shift their goals from ________ to ________. a. exploration; emotional well-being c. work; family b. generativity; meaningfulness d. intellectual achievement; creativity ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Goals Across the Life Span OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Remembering 42. A shift in one’s goals is related to a change in one’s a. age. c. personality trait levels. b. life narrative. d. social roles. ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Goals Across the Life Span OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Understanding 43. During old age, individuals tend to have goals that focus on a. what is emotionally meaningful. c. what can earn them the most money. b. staying as busy as possible. d. traveling around the world. ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Development: Goals Across the Life Span OBJ: 7.2 | 7.10 MSC: Understanding 44. According to one survey, what trait did the greatest number of people report wanting to change? a. agreeableness c. openness b. extraversion d. neuroticism ANS: D OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Change: The Desire for Change MSC: Remembering

45. What piece of evidence suggests that age is NOT a determining factor in the desire to change one’s personality? a. College students are more likely to want to change themselves than do individuals in their sixties. b. There is little to no correlation between participants’ age and their self-reported desire to change. c. Parents report that their children want to change more often than their children report wanting to change. d. There is a negative correlation between participants’ age and their self-reported

desire to change. ANS: B OBJ: 7.4 | 7.8

DIF: Moderate MSC: Analyzing

REF: Personality Change: The Desire for Change

46. What drug can lead to increases in openness to experience that lasts a year or longer? a. Prozac c. psilocybin mushrooms b. marijuana d. cocaine ANS: C OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Change: Psychotherapy MSC: Remembering

47. Based on the findings from various studies investigating interventions aimed at changing delinquent behavior, targeting ________ children seems to be more effective. a. older c. younger b. low socioeconomic status d. high socioeconomic status ANS: C OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Change: General Interventions MSC: Understanding

48. According to a recent study, what intervention can lead people to become more tolerant of stress and less defensive in general? a. attending a two-week acceptance training b. practicing daily mindfulness activities c. participating in one-on-one counseling sessions d. writing self-affirmation essays ANS: D OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Change: Targeted Interventions MSC: Understanding

49. All the following exercises are used to help develop self-control EXCEPT a. meditating. c. relaxing. b. self-affirmation. d. reconsidering temptations. ANS: B OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Moderate REF: Personality Change: Targeted Interventions MSC: Understanding

50. What intervention has been developed to (temporarily) change levels of narcissism? a. Individuals were given psilocybin mushrooms. b. Individuals were instructed to work for a charity for at least 10 hours per week. c. Individuals were told to practice mindfulness meditation. d. Individuals were told to practice empathy and taking perspective. ANS: D OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Change: Targeted Interventions MSC: Understanding

51. According to a new theoretical model for personality change, if individuals change ________, the trait change will follow. a. their mind-set c. the relevant behaviors b. the relevant environmental factors d. their life goals ANS: C OBJ: 7.4

DIF: Easy REF: Personality Change: Targeted Interventions MSC: Understanding

52. Starting a job, entering college, and beginning a serious relationship are all associated with increases in a. openness to experience. c. extraversion. b. neuroticism. d. conscientiousness. ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Personality Change: Behaviors and Life Experiences MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 7.2

53. According to a study investigating personality change among young Germans, those who completed community service increased in ________ at a higher rate than those who entered into the military. a. agreeableness c. extraversion b. conscientiousness d. emotional stability ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Personality Change: Behaviors and Life Experiences MSC: Remembering

OBJ: 7.2

54. What event is likely to contribute to personality changes well into adulthood? a. entering college b. beginning a serious relationship c. caring for a spouse with a terminal illness d. going through the natural aging process ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: P...