Chem 2 Initial Lab Report #2 PDF

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This was a rough draft of my final submission. I earned an A in this class....

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Kidney Stone: What Dissolves Them Best?

Danielle Curtis CHM 2046L Section 905 TA: Sami Abdulkadir November 2nd, 2016

Introduction Kidney stones are small hard mineral deposits, composed of minerals and acid salts, which form inside of the kidney1. The formation of kidney stones is a disorder characterized by a high incidence and recurrence rate2. Kidney stones are caused by many things and have the ability to affect any part of the urinary tract1. However, the stones are typically formed when the urine becomes concentrated, which in turn allows the minerals to stick together and crystallize1. Some of the symptoms of kidney stones include cramping in the back and lower abdomen, block of the flow of urine, blood in the urine, chills, nausea and occasionally fever2. In fact, passing kidney stones can be quite painful1. However, often times they can be passed at home without any medical intervention1. Moreover, there are often home remedies that can be used to help pass kidney stones more easily1. For example, drinking fluids that are highly acidic, like lemon juice1. The objective of this experiment is to synthesize 3 different kidney stones2. The first is synthesized from Na2C2O4 and CaCl2 to form calcium oxalate2. The second is synthesized from MgCl2 and NH4NO3 to form struvite2. Finally, the third is synthesized from Na3PO4 and CaCl2 to form calcium phosphate2. Another objective of this experiment is to combine the kidney stones formed in week one, with various household remedies and chemicals to determine how well each one dissolves the kidney stones2. In this experiment lemon juice, vinegar and EDTA are combined with each kidney stone sample to determine how effectively it can dissolve the kidney stones. It can be hypothesized that the vinegar will dissolve the kidney stones the quickest because it is slightly more acidic then lemon juice.

Understanding how kidney stones form and what dissolves them best is important because the knowledge gained from this experiment can be used in the future. If one understands how they are formed then one can take preventative measures to minimize the possibility of developing kidney stones. Moreover, if one is able to recognize the signs and understands what dissolves kidney stones best, then one can use home remedies to rectify the situation and avoid having to seek medical intervention. The proposed experimental procedure below is effective in addressing the objectives stated above because they allow for enough of each kidney stone sample to be produced, so that each home remedy and chemical can be tested against the kidney stone samples for three trials. Moreover, conducting three trials for each is important because the average will provide the most accurate result. Methods Production of Each Kidney Stone Sample: Calcium Oxalate Weighed out 5.2 g of Na2C2O4 using an electronic scale and placed it in a beaker with 25 mL of water. Used a magnetic plate and a magnet to mix the solution until it was dissolved completely. Weighed out 4.3 g of CaCl2 using an electronic scale and placed it in a breaker with 25 mL of water. Used a magnetic plate and a magnet to mix the solution until it was dissolved completely. Combined both solutions together in one beaker and stirred. Placed the solution on the filter paper on the Erlenmeyer flask attached to the filtration system. Ran the filtration system until all the liquid had filtered through and only a solid remained. Scraped up the solid and placed it into a small cup to save for next week.

Sodium Oxalate Weighed out 5.3 g of Na3PO4 using an electronic scale and placed it in a beaker with 25 mL of water. Used a magnetic plate and a magnet to mix the solution until it was dissolved completely. Weighed out 5.4 g of CaCl2 using an electronic scale and placed it in a breaker with 25 mL of water. Used a magnetic plate and a magnet to mix the solution until it was dissolved completely. Combined both solutions together in one beaker and stirred. Placed the solution on the filter paper on the Erlenmeyer flask attached to the filtration system. Ran the filtration system until all the liquid had filtered through and only a solid remained. Scraped up the solid and placed it into a small cup to save for next week. Struvite

Dissolving the Kidney Stone Samples in Lemon Juice In a small beaker, 0.2 g of the struvite sample and 10 mL of the lemon juice were combined. Using a stirring rod, the solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The solution was run through the filtration system. If any solid residue remained on the filtration paper, it was scraped up and weighed. The above steps were repeated once more for struvite, for a total of two trials. The above steps were repeated for each kidney stone sample.

Dissolving the Kidney Stone Samples in Vinegar In a small beaker, 0.2 g of the struvite sample and 10 mL of the vinegar were combined. Using a stirring rod, the solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The solution was run through the filtration system. If any solid residue remained on the filtration paper, it was scraped up and weighed. The above steps were repeated once more for struvite, for a total of two trials. The above steps were repeated for each kidney stone sample. Dissolving the Kidney Stone Samples in EDTA In a small beaker, 0.2 g of the struvite sample and 10 mL of the vinegar were combined. Using a stirring rod, the solution was stirred for 5 minutes. The solution was run through the filtration system. If any solid residue remained on the filtration paper, it was scraped up and weighed. The above steps were repeated once more for struvite, for a total of two trials. The above steps were repeated for each kidney stone sample. Results Table #1: Dissolving Kidney Stones in Lemon Juice

Trial #1

Trial #2

Struvite 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining

Sodium Oxalate 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partly dissolved -0.05 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partly dissolved -0.07 g left

Calcium Oxalate 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partially dissolved -0.11 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partially dissolved -0.05 g left

Table #2: Dissolving Kidney Stones in Vinegar Struvite

Sodium Oxalate

Calcium Oxalate

Trial #1

Trial #2

0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining

0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partly dissolved -0.21 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partly dissolved -0.08 g left

0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partially dissolved -0.44 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining

Table #3: Dissolving Kidney Stones in EDTA

Trial #1

Trial #2

Struvite 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partially dissolved -0.06 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining

Sodium Oxalate 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partly dissolved -0.07 g left

Calcium Oxalate 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Partially dissolved -0.13 g left 0.2 g + 10 mL -Stirred for 5 min -Dissolved completely -No solid remaining

Discussion The above results are important to the report because the kidney stone sample that dissolved completely in a given substance, for both trials, is the substance that works best for dissolving kidney stones. It was found that, after 5 minutes, lemon juice and vinegar dissolved the struvite kidney stone completely. Where as, EDTA dissolved struvite completely for the second trial but only partially for the first trial, leaving behind 0.06 g. Moreover, it was found that lemon juice and vinegar only partly dissolved sodium oxalate. When combined with the lemon juice, 0.05 and 0.07 g were left behind. When combined with the vinegar, 0.21 and 0.08 g were left behind. However, when dissolved in EDTA, the first trial dissolved the sodium oxalate completely and for the second trial it was partially dissolved, leaving behind 0.07 g. Finally, when dissolving calcium oxalate in lemon juice, the kidney stone sample was partially dissolved. Leaving behind 0.11 g

for the first trial and 0.05 g for the second trial. However, when combined with vinegar or EDTA, calcium oxalate partially dissolved for the first trial and dissolved completely for the second trial. When combined with vinegar, 0.44 g were left in the first trial and when combined with EDTA 0.13 g were left in the first trial. Some sources of error that could have occurred in this experiment were that the substances were not mixed properly. Moreover, it was determined that the amount of time spent dissolving each kidney stone in any given substance would be 5 minutes. However, occasionally a kidney stone sample would be left in the substance for longer or shorter then 5 minutes. This is a variable that could have skewed the results, rendering the results unreliable. Another source of error could be that the kidney stone samples that were not completely dissolved were not weighed properly. Finally, the last source of error could be that when the kidney stone samples were dissolved in the given household substances, they were not filtered correctly. For example, it may have appeared as if no solid residue was left behind but there could have been minute amounts that we missed. This would skew the results and render them unreliable. Conclusion Conclusively, it can be determined that certain household substances or chemicals dissolve certain kidney stone samples better then others. For example, it was found that lemon juice and vinegar dissolved struvite the best. Where as, EDTA dissolved sodium oxalate the best. Moreover, vinegar and EDTA dissolved calcium oxalate the best. These conclusions disprove the hypothesis that vinegar would dissolve the kidney stones best. They prove that, since each kidney stone is composed of different compounds, each

kidney stone requires different household substances with different chemical compositions to dissolve. Research Connection The results and skills learned throughout this experiment can be applied to real life scenarios. For example, in Shiraz, Iran, doctors at the University of Medical Sciences were conducting research on whether or not Lapis judaicus was effective at dissolving kidney stones3. Sixty patients with kidney stone disease were included in a double-blind randomized clinical study3. Thirty of the patients received hard capsules of 2 g of Lapis judaicus powder while the other thirty received placebo capusles for the same period of time3. Ultrasonography was performed on patients, and blood and urine samples were collected before and after the study in order to determine the efficency and safety of Lapis judaicus3. Results showed that the size of kidney stones was reduced significantly in the drug group3. Moreover, in 9 of the 30 patients in the drug group, the kidney stone had dissolved completely3. Also, urine calcium concentration and specific gravity were reduced and urine magnesium was increased3. This experiment confirms that Lapis judaicus is a safe and effective way to diminish kidney stones. References [1]Staff, B. M. C. Kidney stones http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidneystones/basics/definition/con-20024829 (accessed Nov 2, 2016). [2]Anderson, L; Figueroa, J; Lykourinou, V. General Chemistry II Lab Manual; University of South Florida: Tampa, FL, 2016; P. 15- 21 [3]Faridi P, Seradj H, Mohammadi-Samani S, Vossoughi M, Mohagheghzadeh A, Roozbeh J. Research Paper: Randomized and double-blinded clinical trial of the

safety and calcium kidney stone dissolving efficacy of Lapis judaicus. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology [serial online]. October 28, 2014;156:82-87. Available from: ScienceDirect, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 2, 2016....