Chemistry Chapter 1 Study Guide PDF

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This is the study guide for chapter 1 of chemistry which will help on the homework/assignments, quizzes, and exams. These are flash cards....

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1/4 Chemistry Chapter 1 Study Guide accuracy (1-3) How close the observed value is to the “true” value. atoms (1-2) An unimaginably small particle that could not be made any smaller and still behave as a chemical system. Atoms are the smallest particles that can retain an element’s chemical identity. chemical properties (1-2) Property of a substance that is associated with the types of chemical changes that the substance undergoes. combustion (1-2) Reaction in which an element or compound burns in oxygen or air. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces CO2 and H2O as products. deductive reasoning (1-3) A thought process that takes two or more statements or assertions and combines them so that a clear and irrefutable conclusion can be drawn. density (1-2) : The ratio of mass to volume. dimensional analysis (1-5) Problem-solving strategy in which one inspects the units on all quantities in a calculation to check for correctness elastic modulus (1-6) A measure of the stiffness of a material, defined as the ratio of stress to strain. elements (1-2) A measure of the stiffness of a material, defined as the ratio of stress to strain. factor-label method (1-5) gases (1-2) State of matter in which a substance has no fixed shape and expands to occupy the entire volume of its container. inductive reasoning (1-3) Thought process that begins with a series of specific observations and attempts to generalize to a larger, more universal conclusion.

2/4 laws (1-3) A statement of an accepted scientific principle, based on evidence from a significant number of experimental observations. liquids (1-2) State of matter in which a substance has a fixed volume but flows to take on the shape of its container. macroscopic perspective (1-2) Viewpoint of chemistry focusing on samples of matter that are large enough to be seen, measured, or handled easily. malleability (1-2) Ability of a material to be shaped or formed by the application of pressure, as through hammering or rolling. mass density (1-2) The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume. Also known simply as density. matter (1-2) Anything that has mass and occupies space microscopic perspective (1-2) Viewpoint of chemistry focusing on samples of matter at the atomic and molecular level, where samples cannot be seen, measured, or handled easily. Note that this scale is smaller than the resolution of a traditional microscope. Also called the particulate perspective molecules (1-2) Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds, forming the smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of a substance. particulate perspective (1-2) Viewpoint of chemistry focusing on samples of matter at the atomic and molecular level, where samples cannot be seen, measured, or handled easily. Also called the microscopic perspective. parts per billion (ppb) (1-4) A unit of concentration defined as the number of particles of a particular component per every billion (109) molecules of a mixture. Often used to describe the levels of pollutants or other trace components in air.

3/4 parts per million (ppm) (1-4) A unit of concentration defined as the number of particles of a particular component per every million (106) molecules of a mixture. Often used to describe the levels of pollutants or other trace components in air. phases of matter (1-2) physical properties (1-2) Property that can be observed or measured while the substance being observed retains its composition and identity. precision (1-3) The spread in values obtained from a measurement. A precise measurement will produce similar results upon repeated observations. random error (1-3) : Uncertainty associated with the limitations of the equipment with which a measurement is made; random error may cause the measurement to be either too high or too low, and so it can be minimized by averaging repeated measurement scientific method (1-1) An approach to understanding that begins with the observation of nature, continues to hypothesis or model building in response to that observation, and ultimately includes further experiments that either bolster or refute the hypothesis. scientific models (1-3) Empirical or mathematical descriptions that scientists create to make sense of a range of observations. scientific notation (1-4) Representation of a number by a value between 1 and 10 times a power of 10. (Engineers in some fields prefer to use a number between 1 and 100 times a power of 10.) Scientific notation is a convenient way of displaying very large or small numbers, as well as a way of making clear which digits are significant. significant figures (1-4) solids (1-2) State of matter in which a substance has a fixed shape and volume.

4/4 symbolic perspective (1-2) Viewpoint of chemistry focusing on symbolic representations of the substances involved through formulas, equations, etc. systematic error (1-3) Uncertainty from some unknown bias or flaw in the equipment with which a measurement is made; a systematic error makes the measurement consistently either too high or too low and cannot be minimized by averaging repeated measurements. temperature scales (1-4) Systems for measuring temperature, defined by choosing two reference points and setting a fixed number of degrees between them. Common temperature scales include Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin, and Rankine. units (1-4) Labels designating the type of quantity measured and the particular scale on which the measurement was made. Most measurements have no physical meaning if their units are omitted. yield strength (1-6) A measure of the amount of force required to produce a specified deformation of a material...