CLA1101 (TEST 02) - Teacher: Laura Gagne PDF

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Teacher: Laura Gagne ...

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Possible topics for essay question 1. The Dark Age and how they weren’t really all that dark. Think of all the new inventions and the foundation of later society that came about during this period. A possible question might even include the transition from Dark Ages to the Orientalizing period. Transition from Dark Ages/Orientalizing period - Pottery - Thi sper i odseest heabandonmentoffigur al scenes,wi t ht hedecor at i onconsi st i ngmer el yof bandsofcol ororot hersi mpl eshapes.Regional styles developed. (Due to isolation)  Contact with Cyprus inspired Protogeometric. Pivoted Multiple Brush, improvement in symmetry. Attempt in unique shapes: triangles, lozenges, angular meander patterns Amphora the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens) (D)  Vacui (fear of leaving space)/Myths rather than decorative (D) Exm. Nestor’s cup  Corinth dominated: Large vessels (O) 

CHARACTERISTICS : (BANDS OF ANIMALS, MYTHICAL CREATURES, BOTH REAL AND IMAGERY) (O)

- Trade nai nSyr i aandatot herl ocat i onsi nwhati snowJor dan, Geometric pottery (western asia/med. AlMi I sr ael ,andSyr i a.Byt hefir sthal foft heei ght hcent ur ybc,wefindevi denceofGr eekpot t er yi n Et r ur i ai nwes t er nI t al y ,andbyt hemi ddl eoft heei ght hcent ur yi nt hevi ci ni t yofRome.AnAt t i cv ase f r om t hi sper i odhasev enbeenf oundasf arafiel dast heAt l ant i cc oastofSpai n.(D) 

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Byt heei ght hcent ur y ,t hePhoeni ci anshades t abl i shedt hemsel v esast hemostvi gor ous t r ader si nt heMedi t er r aneanwor l d,Theywer er esponsi bl ef orf aci l i t at i ngt hecont act sat t hi st i mebet weent heGr eeksandot heri nhabi t ant soft heMedi t er r anean,par t i cul ar l y wi t ht heci vi l i zat i onsofEgyptandwes t er nAsi a,whoset r adi t i onsoffigur at i v ear tand whosev ener abl el i t er ar yher i t agewoul ddeci si v el yi nfluencet hedev el opmentofGr eek cul t ur eatt heendoft heDar kAge.I ndeed,t heper i odf r om t hemi ddl eoft heei ght ht ot he mi ddl eoft hesev ent hcent ur ybci ssomet i mesr ef er r edt oast he“ Or i ent al i zi ngPer i od”of Gr eekci vi l i zat i onbecauseoft heper vasi venessofmot i f si nar tandl i t er at ur et hatcanbe t r ac edt oHi t t i t eorAs syr i anorEgy pt i anor i gi ns.( D)

Language No need for record keeping (D) Phoenician language was adapted by Greeks. Thesechanges,however ,t r ans f or med

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Inventions   

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t hes ys t em i nt osomet hi ngt hatwasnol ongers yl l abi ci nnat ur e,andwi t ht heGr eeksc r i pt wear ej ust i fiedi nspeaki ngf ort hefir stt i meofat r ul yal phabet i cs ys t em ofwr i t i ng( O) TOOK THE SOUND THAT IT REPRESENTED : 700bCTHEGr eekAl phabetwas adopt ed

Smelting brought back trade since Greece had a lot more than silver (D) Pivoted Multiple Brush (D) Adaptive language

Location?

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St ayi nseduct edar eas( D) Dur i ngt hi st i met heGr eek sest abl i shedset t l ement s,somet i mesr ef er r edt oas“ col oni es , ” i nv ar i ouspl acesont hecoas toft heMedi t er r anean,i ncl udi ngI t al y ,Si ci l y ,andNor t h Af r i ca,aswel l asont hecoastoft heBl ackSea( O)

2. The development of Black Figure and Red Figure techniques of vase painting. Be ready to discuss the works of various artists Exekias, Nikosthenes, the Andokides Painter, Euphronios and Euthymides. Exekias(symbolism) black painting           

The highest point (Zenith) in the black pottery PAINTS UNIQUE PHYCHOLOGY Make very fine patterns (to the smallest detail) MUSCLES, CLOTHS We can identify him by the men’s shape Dionysos – EYE CUP He signs as a potter He invents new shapes Turned pirates into dolphins Wine in the cup (symbolism) /mask AJAX AND ACHILLES PLAYING A GAME Ajax visits his cousin Achilles is winning the game= winning in life The shield and helmet cannot protect him (ajax) Hiding ankles (only way to kill ach) Ach doesn’t care about his fate by the tenseness / Ajax cares Ajax kills himself

This distinction is made due to the colour of the figures which exhibits brown tones from dilution. The character’s bodies have exquisite details that creates a three-dimensional illusion in real life from their body dynamic, shading, contrast and shadows. The fine lines of their cloths, furniture and hair colour suggest a technique that differs from black pottery.

Black figure: red hair Red Figure: black hair

BILINGUAL AMPORA -

By ANDOKIDES PAINTER (R/B TECHNIQUE)

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Herakles at a banquet with Athena Hopelites with Athena and Hermes

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Nikosthenes An Athenian potter who made specialized pottery for the Etruscan marker INVENT A SHAPE Nikosthenes suggests that he had one of the largest if not the largest manufacturing center in Athens

EUPHRONIOS “GOOD SENSE” (520-505) RED FI G -

Dramatic twisting poses Death of Sarpedon (sleep and death carry him from battlefield)

ETHYMIDES “GOOD SPIRIT” R ED -

Son of Pollias (a sculptor) Revelers: dancing

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Folding cloths AS NEVER EUPHRONIOS Euthymides was admired for his portrayal of human movement and studies of perspective, his painted figures being amongst the first to show foreshortened limbs. He was more minimalist than others in the movement, and his tendency was to draw relatively few figures, and only rarely overlap them.

3. The development of Greek sculpture of the Archaic Period. This covers both the kouros (young man) and kore (young woman) statues. You would need to know the names of various statues in the line of development as evidence to support whatever argument you need to make. (Stiff figures, Defined shapes, Face features, clothings)

ARCHAIC KOUROI (STATUES) - Statues of young man  Exm. New York Kouros: Earliest Kouroi - Idea comes from Egypt SOUNION KOUROS (580 BCE) -

Taller (3m) Highly patterned

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Muscles defined by line Used as GRAVE MARKERS IN (ARCHAIC PERIOD)

ANAVYSOS KOUROS (540-515 BCE) -

MORE DEFINED MUSCLES. ROUNDER/MORE NATURAL

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Muscles still not in sympathy with the movement of the body

ARISTODIKOS KOUROS (500-490 BCE) -

New short hairstyle (Curly, not a wig like hair)

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Less of an Archaic smile Arms are away from the body No sympathy of muscles

KRITIOS BOY (490- 480 BCE) -

Contrappostos- tilt of hips, body responds to movement in SYMPAHY Marks transition FROM ARCHIAC TO CLASSICAL Changed in hairstyles

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Eyes were hallowed

(all archaic status smile may be because of the Persian War)

ARCHAIC KORAI (WOMEN STATUES)

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The counter point of young men

DAME D’AUXERRE KORE (650-625) -

Wig-like hair. Triangular face Over-sized hands

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Stiff and plank-like

THE BERLIN KORE (570-560) -

Stiff and plank-like Heavy clothing

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Unnatural face features (large nose, eyes) POMMEGRANT: AFTER LIFE AND FERTILITY

PHRASIKLEIA (550-540) -

Wealthy family Grave markers Less stiff

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Face are more natural Lotus: Death and rebirth (died unmarried)

THE PEPLOS (530) -

Plank like

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Pins in her hair We see image of legs

Kore (520-510) - New clothes when men get shorter hair (CHITON/HIMATION) -

DROOPS ON ONE SHOULDER

EUTHYDIOKOS KORE (490) -

THE “SEVERE STYLE”

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Smile disappears

4. The development of democracy in Athens. This would cover the reforms of Draco, Solon and Cleisthenes. Compare and contrast the political organization of Athens and Sparta DRACO C .

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620 BCE (A T HE NS )

Before him it was blood guilt: one fam member will kill another fam for equal He did legal reform FOR THE UPPER CLASS Wrote down for the crime and the penalty States in charge; the judge decide Poor ppl did not benefit

(The gap and rich become wider. They had little of collateral but mortgage yourself to fam)

SOLON C. 590 BCE (A T HE NS )   

ONE OF THE 7 WISE MAN HIS REFORM AFFECT POLICIAL, JUDICIAL AND ECONOMIC Asked to Alleviate problems between rich/poor Dilemma: Must give power to the poor Athenians w/o taking the rich HE CREATED THE SLIDING SCALE OF PRIVILEGES Helped politically: Organized classes and the military HE DID NOT ESTABLISH THE ROYAL CLANS FOUR CLASSES BASED ON WEALTH INSTEAD OF FAM. Class: 500 bushel-men (pentacosiomedimnoi) Hippeis (horsemen) Zeugetai (Ox-owner (council 400)

(100 men per tribe. Per tribe)  Thetes (poorest, sold into slavery)

SOLON MADE T HE “ SHAKING OF F OF BU RDE N S ” -

Good: No Athenian can become a slave Bad: Athenians have no collateral for loans

Legal reforms between Draco & Solon D: One penalty: Death S: Homicide is death but the rest.. Laws posted in the Agora (Change in Athens)

C HANGE S T O T HE MIL ITA RY

Officers and cavalry  500 MEASURE  HIPPIEIS (Hoursemen) Heavy Infantry - Zeugetal (Oxen) KEPT THEM HAPPY Light infantry and navy - Thetes (rowers in the navy) (THE POWER IN THE HANDS OF THE MIDDLE CLASS. AS LONG AS THEY WERE HAPPY, THE OLIGARCHY WAS SAFE)

(CLEISTHENES) ATHENS -

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The reforms of CLEISTHENES The Alcmaeonids are allowed to return, and Cleisthenes become one of the Archons The problem: So, Tyrants won’t happen Cleisthenes made new trades: Took 1/3 The plain (wealthy landowners) The coast (merchants/fisherman’s) The city (urban poor dominate) Each tribe descends from a god (EPONYMOUS HEREOS OF THE 10 TRIBES) FAKE ANCESTORS Tribes have members from diff parts of Attica It is now difficult for aristocratic families to buy vote/consolidate their power

CLEISTHENES’ REFORMS (A TH ENS ) -

COUNCIL OF 500 ARCHONSHIPS ONLY FOR TOP 3 AREOPAGUS STILL ONLY EX-ARCHONS HELIAIA (LAW COURT) OPEN TO ALL CLASSES Nearly all positions chosen by lot Archons elected by Assembly Generals elected by their own tribe

P RYTANNY (P RYTANN EIS ) -

50 men chosen Served for a month In power for 1/10th of year Chair and secretary changed daily Chosen by lot, only served once (the poorest man could be the president for the day. Cannot do it again)

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Effect: even poor citizen could rule. No one can become too powerful

They meet in the BOULEUTERION - WHERE PRYTANNY MEETS - CAPACITY 700 MEN - WHOLE COUNCIL COULD MEET IF NECESSARY

M ILITARY REFORMS Each tribe made division of army - All men over 20 could be called to serve - Led by a general; chosen from top 3 classes because they have war experience - Elected but needed special skill - Strategos (general) could be re- elected. Was in power for their division. - Polemarchus was in charge of it. Tie breaker. Considered 11 - Become most powerful political force

OSTRACISM -

A way to remove people with too much influence They must leave for 10 yrs. With no penalty Must have 6000 votes cast (total), then the man with the majority is exiled To break out his power based Exm: Themistocles

SPARTAN POLITICS Mixed constitution: Monarchy (Diarchy: 2 kings), Oligarchy (Gerousia/5), Democracy Ecclesia (all male citizens)

K INGS -

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Agiads and Eurypontids (descended of Heraclius) Hereditary kingship- passes to eldest son born after access If marriage produced no son, must take a second wife Equal in authority with veto power Exercised military, religious and judicial power Only one allowed on campaign at time expect for the Persian war Subject to law Religious Duty Served as chief priests to conduct public sacrifices Royal compensation for animal sacrifice (used as a reward system) Gave extra meat as gifts – generosity Moral examples

O LIGARCH Y ( RULE -

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B Y THE FEW )

Gerousia Ephors 28 men over 60 GERONTES=OLD MEN Election into Gerousia (highest honor) Name called out, loudest cheer wins No bill could be bought to assembly until discussed by Gerousia Served as criminal court for homicide, treasure and other serious crimes punished by death/exile

E PHORS -

5 men over 30. One-year term. No elections Unwritten law Supervised kings Took monthly oath to uphold law-abiding kings Presided over Gerousia Dealt with foreign embassies Judged civic matters/those involving perioeci (Don’t have political rights) After their term they were subjected to audit by their successors Checked schools. Inspected the boys Their names are contributed to the era 02 had to go on campaign to ensure the king obeyed the law Inspected the babies One member of each village

(Must be anonymous. They are allowed to overthrow the king) Krypteia (2 yrs.) - Secret police who spied on helots - Final phase of boy’s education - Killed those suspected of conspiracy (those outside after dark)

DEMOCRACY (A PELLA = A SSEMBLY -

OF TH E PPL )

Men over 30 members Met monthly during the full moon Discussion was not forbidden, debate was rare (Athens would debate) Listened to bills and voted on them by shouting approval

5. The development of Spartan society. This would include a discussion of Lycurgus and the Messenian War that prompted the changes. You would need to consider the role the helots played in creating paranoia for the state. Compare and contrast the political organization of Sparta with Athens.

CHARACTERISTI CS OF THE BEST MEN ( ARIS TOI ) IDEA OF ARETE -

Skill in athletics Physical strength and beauty Great wealth Political power Eloquence in speaking

(Athens prioritize this except Athens) - Military prowess

CHARAC TER OF SPA RTA -

State controls whole life Born/raised for war Dependent on slaves Live life of moderation Deeply religious (superstitious) Honour most important Never surrender or shrink from battle Obedient to the law

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Both had leaders: Sparta was ruled by two kings, who ruled until they died or were forced out of office. Athens was ruled by archons, who were elected annually. Thus, because both parts of Athens' government had leaders who were elected. Both parties only had males King was monitored by Ephors Democracy (citizens rules) A Oligarchy-small group rule by vote (S) Women owned land in Sparta (1/2) viewed more equally Slaves If convicted the court could assess against him whatever punishment or fine, he is thought to deserve. If the punishment was a money fine, then the infringer had to go to prison until he had paid both the former debt, for which the information was laid, and whatever additional sum had been imposed on him as a fine by the court. (cannot get elected)...