Completed Assignment 3 & 4 Chapter 3 Principles OF Pharmacology PDF

Preview

Summary

Download Completed Assignment 3 & 4 Chapter 3 Principles OF Pharmacology PDF

Description

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 1. Define the following terms: a. Absorption: Drugs enter the body and pass into the circulation to reach the part of the body it needs to affect through the processes of diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

b. Additive effect: When two drugs are given together and either make one drug stronger or make the action of the two drugs more powerful.

c. Adverse reaction: Severe symptoms or problems that can cause great harm.

d. Agonist: Drugs that work by activating or unlocking cell receptors causing the same actions as the body’s own chemicals.

e. Allergy: An antigen-antibody response that can cause hives, rashes, itching, or swelling.

f.

Anaphylactic reaction: A severe life-threatening form of an allergic reaction.

g. Antagonist: Drugs that attach at a drug receptor site but do not activate or unlock the receptor.

h. Bioequivalent: Drug products that are chemically the same or identical.

i.

Biotransformation: The transformation for altering of a drug into either active or inactive chemicals after it has been absorbed.

j.

Brand name: The proprietary name that a manufacturer gives to a specific drug. Also known as the trade name.

k. Buccal: Drug placement against the cheek.

K Rowe LVN

Page 1 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 l.

Chemical name: The names of the chemicals that actually form the drug.

m. Desired action: The drug does what it is supposed to do.

n. Distribution: Movement of a drug in the body to reach its site of action by way of the blood and lymph system. o. Drug interaction: When one drug changes the action of another drug.

p. Enteral (route): Giving a drug by way of the gastrointestinal system; oral, feeding tube, sublingual, and rectally.

q. First-pass (effect): After they are consumed, drugs are inactivated in the liver before being distributed to other parts of the body.

r.

Generic name: The most common drug name used by the manufacturer in all contries. Also known as the nonproprietary name.

s. Half-life: The time it takes the body to remove 50% of the drug from the body.

t.

Hepatotoxic: Adverse drug effects that can result in liver damage.

u. Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated response to a drug. An allergy is an example of a hypersensitive response.

v. Idiosyncratic response: Responses to a drug that are peculiar and unpredicted.

w. Nephrotoxic: Adverse drug effects that can result in kidney damage.

K Rowe LVN

Page 2 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 x. Parenteral (route): Giving a drug by way of an injection or an infusion underneath the skin.

y. Partial agonist: Drugs that attach to the receptor site but produce only a partial effect rather than a full effect (agonist).

z. Percutaneous (route): Giving a drug by way of absorption through the skin. Topical creams, patches, or devices under the skin are common examples.

aa. Pharmacodynamics: The effects of a drug on body function (what a drug does to the body).

bb. Pharmacokinetics: The metabolism of a drug within the body (what the body does to a drug).

cc. Receptor site: Small “lock-like” areas of cell membranes that control what substances either enter the cell or change its activity.

dd. Side effect: Mild but annoying responses to the drug. Nausea and headache are common and usual side effects to many drugs.

ee. Solubility: The ability of a drug to dissolve in body fluids.

ff. Synergistic effect: The effect of two drugs taken at the same time is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug given alone.

gg. Trade name: The proprietary name that a manufacturer gives to a specific drug. Also known as a brand name.

K Rowe LVN

Page 3 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 Drug Name 1. What is the most common drug name used? The most common drug name used is the generic name. 2. What drug name is the same in all countries and is the name the drug manufacturer uses for the drug? It is called the nonproprietary name. 3. Which drug names are not capitalized when written? Generic names are not capitalized when written. 4. What is the name for the drug that is manufactured by one company, it is the proprietary name? The trade name, or brand name, is the proprietary name or the name for the drug manufactured by one company. 5. The trade name is registered to whom? It is registered to a specific drug maker or owner and no one else can use that name for a drug. 6. The first letter of the trade name is always? Always CAPITALIZED. 7. What is the name of the drug that is often difficult to remember because they include all of the chemicals that make up the drug? Chemical names.

Drug Attachment 1. Drugs take part in chemical reactions that change the way the body acts, they do this most commonly when: the drug forms a chemical bond at specific sites on body cells.

2. Describe receptor sites: are small “lock-like” areas of cell membranes that control what subtances either enter the cell or change their activity.

K Rowe LVN

Page 4 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 3. When are the chemical reactions between a drug and a receptor site possible? Possible only when the receptor site and the drug can fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle or a key fitting into a lock. 4. Describe a receptor agonist: When drugs activate or unlock receptors and have the same actions as the body’s own chemicals.

5. Drugs that attach to the receptor site but produce only a partial effect are called? They are called a Partial effect. 6. When a drug attaches at a drug receptor site but does not activate or unlock it, there is no increase in cell activity, what is this drug called? It is called an antagonist. 7. Drugs that are antagonist do what to drugs that are agonist? The antagonist effect blocks the actions of the agonists. 8. Describe what an agonist does: Drugs that work by activating or unlocking cell receptors causing the same actions as the body’s own chemicals.

9. Describe what an antagonist does: Drugs that attach at a drug receptor site but do not activate or unlock the receptor.

10. Describe what a partial agonist does: Drugs that attach to the receptor site but produce only a partial effect rather than a full effect (agonist).

Basic Drug Processes 1. List the four basic processes involved in drug utilization in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

K Rowe LVN

Page 5 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 Absorption 1. Define absorption: the way a drug enters the body and passes into the circulation to reach the part of the body it needs to affect.

2. List the processes that absorption takes place through: processes of diffusion, filtration, and osmosis.

3. Describe Diffusion: is the tendency of the molecules of a substance (gas, liquid, or solid) to move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration.

4. Describe Osmosis: is the diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane, the flow is primarily from the thicker or more concentrated solution to the thinner or less concentrated solution.

5. Describe Filtration: is the passage of a substance through a filter or through a material that prevents passage of certain molecules.

6. How fast the drug is absorbed into the body through these processes depends on what? Depends on how easily the drug dissolves, how the drug is introduced into the body (by mouth or by injection), and whether there is good blood flow through the tissue where the drug is located.

7. Solubility is: The ability of the drug to dissolve.

8. When a client takes water with a tablet, what does this help with? It not only helps in swallowing, but it also helps dissolve the drug.

Distribution 1. What is distribution? Movement of drug in the body. K Rowe LVN

Page 6 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 2. How do drugs move in the body through distribution? Occurs by way of the blood and lymph system. 3. Distribution of the drug is usually uneven, why? It is usually uneven because of differences in how much blood is able to penetrate the tissue (perfusion), types of tissue (bone, fat, and muscle), and how easy it is for the drug to penetrate the cell membranes.

4. What tissue makes it difficult for the drug molecules to pass through? The tissue in the placenta and the brain make it difficult for the drug molecules to pass through. 5. Another issue with distribution of the drug is that some drugs will also bind together with many blood substances and proteins like albumin. This binding allows only what to happen? This binding allows only “free” drug (that which is not bound) to penetrate the tissues. 6. With distribution some drugs are attracted to tissues other than the target receptor sites. An example, is drugs that dissolve easily in lipids (fat) prefer adipose or fat issue, describe what can happen as a result of this: stores of the drug may build up in these areas.

Metabolism 1. Describe biotransformation: The transformation for altering of a drug into either active or inactive chemicals after it has been absorbed.

2. Where does biotransformation happen at mainly? It happens mainly in the liver. 3. Describe what the liver does to the drug: The enzymes break down the chemicals that make uo the drug into its usable and unusable parts.

K Rowe LVN

Page 7 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 4. Prodrugs have to have what to happen before the body can use them? Have to be transformed and activated by these enzymes before they can be used by the body. 5. Liver disease may impair what from happening? Liver disease may impair the transformation of the inactive form of the prodrug into an active form of the drug. 6. Why are some drugs given sublingually or intravenously? Drugs move very quickly from the stomach or small intestines to the liver. A lot of the drug is then inactivated on its first pass through the liver before it can be distributed to other parts of the body.

7. How a drug is given may affect what? It may affect how much of it is needed. 8. What is cytochrome P-450? Liver enzymes play an important role in adverse drug reactions, especially when taking several drugs at the same time or when there are drug-food interactions. 9. What plays an important role in adverse drug reactions, especially when taking several drugs at the same time or when there are drug-food interactions? Cytochrome P-450.

Excretion or Elimination 1. What are often referred to as metabolites? All inactive chemicals, chemical by products, and waste. 2. What is usually passed through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as feces? Fibrous or insoluble waste is passed through the GI tract as feces. 3. What is passed out through the kidneys and how? Chemicals that may be made water-soluble are dissolved and filtered out as they pass through the kidneys and then are lost in the urine.

K Rowe LVN

Page 8 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 4. What are the other ways that drugs can be eliminated from the body other than through urine and feces? Very small amounts of drug may also escape in tears, saliva, or the milk of breastfeeding mothers.

5. What happens if the client has poorly functioning kidneys, and what is important to do? If the patient has poorly functioning kidneys, then these metabolites may build up in the body and become toxic if they cannot be excreted in the urine. It is important for you to monitor the urine function of very ill patient.

6. What do you need to do after the client takes the drug or is given the drug for the first time or has been given a new drug or change of diet? It is important that the first time the patient takes the drug and whenever there are changes in the patient’s condition, diet, or other drugs that are introduced into the medical regimen.

7. What do you need to be aware of with Grapefruit/ Grapefruit juice? Grapefruit juice affects (usually reduces) the absorption of many drugs, such as antihistamines, cholesterol-lowering drugs, HIV drugs, and transplant drugs.

8. What is the Half-Life of a drug/medication? The standard method of describing how long it takes to metabolize and excrete a drug is the half-life, or the time it takes the body to remove 50% of the drug from the body. 9. Because the rates of metabolism and excretion are usually the same for most people, the halflife helps explain what? The half-life helps explain the dose (how much drug should be taken), the frequency (how often it should be taken), and the duration (how long it will last) for different drugs.

K Rowe LVN

Page 9 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 10. What may happen if the client has liver or kidneys that do not function correctly? If a person’s liver or kidneys do not function correctly, drugs may not be properly metabolized or excreted, and this would mean that higher doses of the drug will circulate for a longer time and produce symptoms of overdosage.

11. Drugs are often dosed based on what? Drugs are often dosed based on kidney and liver function for this reason, which is why kidney and liver function blood work is drawn. 12. With long-acting or extended-release drugs what must never be done and why? Long-acting or extended release drugs MUST NEVER BE CRUSHED, CHEWED, OPENED, OR CUT, because this will result in overdosage. 13. Many extended- release of long-acting drugs end with what? -contin, LA, or ER.

Drug Action 1. What doe desired action mean? The expected response of the drug. 2. A mild but annoying response to the drug that is expected is called? Side effects are usually seen as mild but annoying responses to the drug. 3. What are very common side effects that are expected are usually related to: expected effects.

4. What does adverse reaction or adverse effect imply? Adverse reactions or adverse effects, imply more severe symptoms or problems that develop because of the drug. 5. What are idiosyncratic responses? Strange, unique, peculiar, or unpredicted responses to drugs.

K Rowe LVN

Page 10 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 6. One type of idiosyncratic response is called a paradoxical response, describe it: In this case, the patient’s reaction may be just the opposite of what would be expected. 7. Describe hypersensitivity/ sensitivity: Hypersensitivity – increased reaction to a drug. 8. What drugs or conditions are more likely to produce allergic reactions? Allergic reaction usually occurs when an individual has taken the drug and the body has developed antibodies to it. 9. Describe how allergic reactions occur: The reaction produces hives, rash, itching, or swelling of the skin.

10. Clients with an allergy to one drug may be more likely to develop an allergy to another drug, but individuals may also develop a reaction to drugs they: have taken before without problems or have been taking for a long time and only now show signs of an allergy.

11. Allergic reactions to antibiotics can happen even after the first time a client takes a drug, why? Allergic reactions to antibiotics can happen even after the first time a patient takes a drug because he or she may have been previously exposed to the antibiotics in milk or food that was fed to livestock. 12. What is an anaphylactic reaction? A severe, life-threatening form of an allergic reaction. 13. What do you need to be aware of when a client has a mild allergic reaction to a drug? A patient who has a mild allergic reaction to a drug is much more likely to develop the more severe anaphylactic reaction if the drug is given again. 14. What signs and symptoms would you see with an anaphylactic reaction? Severe breathing problems, including swelling of their lips, throat, and trachea that prevent air from entering the lungs. 15. What do you need to warn and teach a client about if they have had an anaphylactic reaction? Always warn patients who have anaphylactic reactions about their allergy so they will not take the drug again.

K Rowe LVN

Page 11 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 Drug Interactions 1. When is a drug changes the action of another drug it is called? A drug reaction. 2. When one drug interferes with the action of another drug it has what type of effect? Additive effect. 3. Incompatibility of drugs means: occurs when drugs do not mix well chemically.

4. When the effects of two drugs taken at the same time are greater than the sum of the effects of each drug given alone, the drugs have what type of effect? Synergistic effect.

Food, Alcohol and Drug Interactions 1. When food or alcohol are taken with drugs what may happen? It may alter the body’s ability to handle a particular food or drug. 2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are a classification of antidepressant drugs that most noted for drug—food interactions, they cannot be taken with: aged cheese, red wine, or many processed foods.

3. What can cigarette smoking cause? It can decrease the effect of drugs or create other problems with some drugs by increasing metabolism. 4. Caffeine is found in what and can affect what? Caffeine which is found in coffee, tea, some soft drinks, chocolate, and some drugs, can also affect the action of some drugs.

5. If pregnant or trying to get pregnant what should the client not do with medications? Drugs should never be taken during pregnancy or by a patient trying to get pregnant without the advice of the healthcare provider.

K Rowe LVN

Page 12 of 17

Rev: Dec. 2018

Principles of Pharmacology Assignment 3 & 4 6. If the client has any problem related to drugs what should the client do? The healthcare provider or a pharmacist should be contacted immediately. 7. Some drugs are blocked from being absorbed by the body by what: the body by grapefruit juice, fatty meals, milk products, or other drugs.

8. Availability means: the extent to which drug dose reaches its site of action.

Personal Factors That Influence Drug Therapy 1. All drug therapy requires what for the drugs to be distributed to target tissues? All drug therapy requires adequate hydration and blood flow. 2. Any problem that interferes with blood flow decreases drug effectiveness, such problems include: dehydration, overhydration, low blood pressure, shock, heart failure, or reduced blood flow to one or more body areas.

3. What often increase the activity of metabolic enzyme systems? Alcohol intake often increases the activity of metabolic enzyme systems. 4. Any person who has problems of the liver or the kidneys will do what, which puts them at risk for? It will increase the risk for adverse effects and toxic effects. 5. For clients with either liver dysfunction or kidney problems the dosage is usually what? Dosages usually need to be reduced and the drug given less frequently. 6. Body size and lean to fat ratios also affect what? Affect drug therapy responses. 7. Ethnicity and genetic makeup changes what with drugs? Ethnicity and ge...