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Units and essay w/main concept Justice: 1. Atul Gawande, “HellHole¨ Main concept: Gawande claims that solitary confinement can cause permanent damage to the human brain and be a horrible punishment to prisoners. Vocabulary-Solitary Confinement and Human torture 2. Naomi Shihab Nye, “To Any Would-Be Terrorists” Main concept: Nye’s argues for the setback that terrorists have caused the connection of Middle East with violence and threat to increase significantly. Vocab- Terrorism and Stereotypes

Education: 1. Francine Prose, “I Know Why the Caged Bird Doesn’t Read” Main Concept: High school teachers teach children about classic novels in a way that discourages them to truly enjoy and take advantage of the novel. 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Education” Main Concept: True education can only be achieved by genuine human curiosity rather than the “drill learning” taught at school.

Community: 1. Malcolm Gladwell, “ Why the Revolution will not be Tweeted” Main concept: Gladwell claims social activism is in fact not really activism. 2. Robert D. Putnam, “Health and Happiness” Main Concept: the author informs his audience how social connected with their community affects their wellbeing.

Individuality/Nonconformity: 1. Into the Wild- Jon Krakauer. Main concepts: Chris McCandless is a prime example of an outcast who separates himself from society, escape the social norms in the effort venturing into the wild to look for the meaning of life. Vocabulary: Self-reliant. 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson - “Nature” Main concepts: Ralph Waldo Emerson contends that man should rid himself of material cares and enjoy an original relation with the universe and experience what he calls "the sublime."

Gender: 1. Professions For Women - Virginia Woolf Main Concept : Author addresses women who hope to work in fields dominated by men and

speaks out about the struggles they face in order to encourage them to break new barriers. 2. I Want A Wife - Judy Brady Main Concept: A female author uses sarcasm and exaggeration to describe how men believe ideal wives should conduct themselves, which empowered women and the feminist movement of the time. Vocabulary: Feminism, stereotypes, masochism

Transcendentalism: 1. Silent Spring Rachel Carson Main Concept: Use of pesticides are damaging species. Started Environmental/conservative movement 2. Nature Ralph Waldo Emerson Main Concept: Puts forth the foundation of transcendentalism, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. 3. To A Mouse Robert Burns Main Concept: “The best laid schemes of mice and men//Go often askew” future plans can go wrong. Man enveys mouse for it only worries about the present.

Economy: 1. Modest proposal Jonathan Swift Main concept: Modest Proposal is a satire piece. He wanted to call attention to a problem by suggesting an irrational idea of eating baby, he uses this extreme example as a way to depict how inhumanely the Irish were being treated. 2. The Singer Solution to World Poverty - Peter Singer Main concept: The author suggests the Americans to give away most of their income to aid those in need. To end world poverty, the most ethical way is to give up most of the luxuries to help those in need. Books Scarlet Letter- Nathaniel Hawthorne Main Concept: Honesty is right. Scarlet letter is punishment but it can make you strong. Characters: Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale(father), Roger Chillingworth (husband), Pearl Catcher in the Rye- J. D. Salinger Main Concept: isolation. See inside a male teenager’s mind. Protecting the innocent, keeping their childhood. Characters: Holden Caulfield Into the Wild- Jon Krakauer Main Concept: Finding true happiness through solitude and nature instead of in society. Characters: Christopher McCandless

Great Gatsby- F. Scott Fitzgerald Main Concept: Roaring 20s, American Dream only leads to tragic ends. Characters: Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway (narrator, neighbor of Gatsby), Daisy Buchanan (Nick;s cousin. Gatsby loves her, married Tom Buchanan), Tom Buchanan (wealthy husband of Daisy), Jordan Baker (Nick like her) The Crucible- Arthur Miller Main Concept: Reputation and Ego. Characters: John Proctor (farmer, married to Elizabeth, affair with Abigail), Abigail Williams (Affair with John as their maid, fired by wife, lair) Of Mice and Men- John Steinbeck Main Concept:American dream, an unusual friendship. Characters: Lennie Small (mentally disabled, causes trouble), George Milton, Curley, Curley’s wife, Crooks, Candy, Fahrenheit 451- Ray Bradbury Main Concept: Censorship is wrong, books are powerful. "You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture. Just get people to stop reading them." Characters: Guy Montag (does not burn books), Clarisse McClellan (17, outcast), Captain Beatty, Mildred Montag (wife of Guy. sick. Obsessed with TV, tried suicide) Jane Eyre- Charlotte Brontë Main Concept: Independence over finding a sense of belonging Characters: Jane Eyre (orphan), Edward Rochester Frankenstein- Mary Shelley Main Concept: Dangerous to play God, to be ambitious and play with Mother Nature. Characters: Victor Frankenstein, The Creature To Kill a Mockingbird- Harper Lee Main Concept: Racism; Social Inequality; put yourself in other perspectives before judging. Characters: Atticus Finch, Scout Finch, Jem Finch, Boo Radley, Bob Ewell, Mayella Ewell, Tom Robinson. Lord of the Flies- William Golding Main Concept: the message is human beings must have rules, authority and government in order to maintain a safe environment. Characters: Piggy, Jack, Roger, Ralph, Simon, Sam Eric Better- Atul Gawande

Main Concept: The book’s central argument revolves around the three core requirements for a successful practice of medicine: diligence, doing right, and ingenuity. Characters: Atul Gawande (Main storyteller) Independent Reading Books: (Make a copy of this doc, and pick the 3 books that you read) Kabul Beauty- Deborah Rodriguez Main Concept: Characters: David and Goliath- Malcolm Gladwell Main Concept: Characters: How Starbucks Saved my Life- Michael Gates Gill Main Concept: Characters: In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto - Michael Pollan Main Concept: describes the decline of food in exchange for diets driven by science and nutritional data, how this decline has ruined our health and what you can do to return to food as a simple, cultural, natural aspect of life. Character: Michael Pollan (Narrator). The Tipping point - Malcolm Gladwell Main Concept: Ideas can spread like epidemics and which few elements need to come together to help an idea reach the point of critical mass, where its viral effect becomes unstoppable Character: Paul Revere, Rod Steiger (connectors), Tom Gua (Salesman), Mark Alpert (Maven)...

AP Language Terms to Know Term

Definition

Notes/ examples

1.Adage

A proverb or short statement expressing a general truth.

A penny saved is a penny earned. Eat to live, and not live to eat.

2.Allegory

A story with two levels of meaning. The surface of the story, then there's the symbolic level, or the deeper meaning Series of words begin with the same consonant sound.

Animal Farm, Lord of the Flies

3.Alliteration

She sells seashells by the seashore.

4.Allusion

A figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. A vagueness in meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings or interpretations

Bible, God, Greek mythology.

6.Anachronism

The act of attributing a certain event, thing, people, etc. to a period in which it doesn’t belong.

A dinosaur flying a fighter jet.

7.Antecedent

A word to which a pronoun refers

8.Bombast

Inflated, pretentious language

Kelley walked her dog Kelley=Antecedent Her=personal pronoun Because he is a bit too bombastic for me, I will not be voting for that politician again!

9.Circumlocution

Talking around a subject; discourse that avoids direct reference to a subject

a structure in your room which you sleep on. A cloth that is used to dry your hair after a shower.

10.Modes of discourse

describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of languagebased communication, particularly writing and speaking. Four of the most common rhetorical modes and their purpose are narration, description, exposition, and argumentation. Narrating a story.

Martin Luther king jr “I have a dream” speech

5.Ambiguity

11.Narration

12.Exposition

13.Comparison/ Contrast

a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory. Story of the character, setting

To contrast something is to

Sarah gave a bath to her dog wearing a pink tshirt. Guy: call me a cab Girl: you’re a cab

The Catcher in the Rye

Everyone must save energy. Liz is 25 years old.

This jacket is 50% off but that jacket has better quality.

look for differences among two or more elements, but compare is to do the opposite, to look for similarities. 14.Cause and effect

an event that makes another event happen

In the morning your alarm goes off so you wake up.

15.Diction

The choice of words in oral and written discourse. Know all these terms. ● Colloquial ● Pedantic ● Jargon ● Vernacular ● Denotation ● Connotation ● Abstract diction ● Concrete diction

the young woman was phenomenal at creative writing.

16.Didactic

intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.

17.Fallacy

Flawed logic

18.Ad Hominem

an argument directed towards a person rather than the position they are maintaining

19.Non sequitur

A conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement.

20.Post Hoc

occurring or done after the event.

22.Homily

a religious discourse that is intended primarily for spiritual edification rather than doctrinal instruction; a sermon.

●

Penguins are black and white, some old tv shows are black and white, therefore some penguins are old tv shows. A lawyer who argues that his client should not be held responsible for theft because he is poor. A mother who tells the pediatrician that she doesn't trust his judgment because he's never been a mother. My refrigerator is acting up. I'd better read that book by Friday. Mary bakes the best cakes in town she should run for mayor.

I sneezed at the same time the power went off. My sneeze did something to make the power go off. “Perhaps many of you grew up during the depression. If so, you know what it means to be poor. I did not grow up during this depression, but I grew up in a poor family. I can remember one Christmas when both of my parents were out

23.Invective

Critical or abusive language

24.Objective

Relating to facts

25.Pedantic

Narrowly academic instead of broad and humane

26.Analogy

To make a comparison

27.Euphemism

The substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt Similar to truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he/she is getting a vision of life as it is.

28.verisimilitude

29.Infer/ inference

To make a conclusion; it’s what readers do.

30.Rhetoric, rhetorical triangle, rhetorical appeals

rhetoric: the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques

31.Epigram

a pithy saying or remark

of work, and we had no money. Concerned parishioners brought Christmas baskets to our house. It was a humbling and difficult experience for my parents. The year before, my father had helped to distribute baskets to other poor people. Now it was our turn.” Proposition 41 in Los Angeles in 1984 (By Father Bill Messenger) Cursing or swearing

Review the literary terms, the vocabulary, for the exam. Emily couldn't stand her geometry class, because her teacher made a big deal if the students did not follow an exact color coded system of pens or colored pencils when doing their homework. Just as a Sword is the Weapon of a Warrior, a Pen is the Weapon of a Writer

Passed away instead of died.

They walked still further and the girl said, "Is it true that long ago firemen put fires out instead of going to start them?" "No. Houses. have always been fireproof, take my word for it." "Strange. I heard once that a long time ago houses used to burn by accident and they needed firemen to stop the flames." He laughed. She glanced quickly over. "Why are you laughing?" Fahrenheit 451 A character has a diaper in her hand, spit-up on her shirt, and a bottle warming on the counter. You can infer that this character is a mother. (rhet. triangle) The speaker, audience, and purpose.

“If we don't end war, war will end us.”

expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way. a complete list of items, typically one in alphabetical or other systematic order, in particular a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead

32.Catalog

33.Elegy

When I was young I had several ‘girl” toys, such as barbies, cooking utensils, cleaning supplies, dollhouses, teacup sets, and stuffed animals. Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

34.antithesis

Rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.

“Man proposes, God disposes.” "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing."

35.anaphora

Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of phrases.

“Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and better.

36.repetition

the action of repeating something that has already been said or written

When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.

Tone Words(6-8): Word

Definition

Assertive

Self-confident; strong-willed; authoritative; insistent

Cautionary

Gives warning; raises awareness; reminding

Colloquial

Familiar; everyday use; informal, casual

Critical

Finding fault; disapproving; scathing; criticizing

Cynical

Scornful of motives/virtues of others; mocking; sneering

Apologetic

Full of regret; repentant

Condescending Acting in a way that shows superior attitude https://writerswrite.co.za/155-words-to-describe-an-authors-tone/ Synonyms for said/describes/argues: General Use: added

to embellish or enhance an argument

continued

to further an earlier point

stated

to say, usually confined to quotes or paraphrases from documents, or to official statements

asserted

to state positively, with great confidence but no objective proof

commented

to make a remark to explain, interpret, or criticize

Acknowledge or Revealing: admitted

implies reluctance to disclose, grant, or concede, and usually refers to facts rather than their implication

affirmed

implies deep conviction and unlikelihood of contradiction

Inquisitive: demanded

to ask for boldly or urgently

implored

to ask with great fervor, implying desperation or great distress

Explanatory: responded

to reply to a question or comment

retorted

to reply to a charge or criticism in a sharp, witty way

Argumentative: proclaimed

to announce officially

proposed

to set forth a design or plan

Sources: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/said.html...