Copy of Assignment 2 Matter & Energy PDF

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Maliha Mustafa 216330623 Carl Wolfe October 23, 2018 Assignment 2: Matter & Energy Question 1: a) 11 atoms of carbon, 12 atoms of hydrogen, 2 atoms of nitrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen. b) 3 atoms of beryllium, 2 atoms of aluminum, 1 atom of silicon and 6 atoms of oxygen c) 2 atoms of calcium, 5 atoms of magnesium, 5 atoms of iron, 8 atoms of silicon, 24 atoms of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen Question 2: a) The law of conservation of matter states that whether it be a physical change or a chemical, the atoms involved in the reaction cannot be destroyed or created. As such, if there are 7 atoms of carbon, 16 atoms of hydrogen and 22 atoms of oxygen as inputs then there should be the same of atoms from each element for the outputs. Now if the output is analyzed, there are 7 molecules of carbon dioxide, where carbon has 1 atom for each molecule and oxygen has 2 atoms. Thus, carbon would have 7 atoms (7 x 1) and oxygen would have 14 atoms (7 x 2). Additionally, there are 8 molecules of water, which there would be 6 atoms of hydrogen (8 x 2) and 8 atoms of oxygen (8 x 1), resulting in a total of 22 atoms for oxygen (14 + 8). As such, this reaction does satisfies the law of conservation of matter. b) One molecule of heptane produces 7 molecules of carbon dioxide as represented by the coefficient in front of CO2 . c) Oxygen accounts for most of the mass entering the reaction, with a mass of 352 units (2 x 11 x 16), compared to heptane of 100 units (12 x 7 + 16 x 1). While carbon dioxide accounts for the most mass that is outgoing, with a mass of 308 units (7 x 12 + 16 x 2 x 7), compared to water of 144 units (8 x 2 x 1 + 8 x 16). Question 3: Despite the fact that humans burn waste in order to reduce or eliminate the waste, it is not removed from the environment, instead it remains in some form or shape. The law of conservation of matter states that humans will always have the problem of dealing with some amount of pollutant or waste. This idea is based on the theory that no atoms part of a physical or chemical reaction are destroyed nor created. As such, humans can burn a more harmful pollutant to make it less harmful but it will always stay within the environment, whether in a less or more harmful state. Question 4: The waste created by humans does exist, but it is not always in the same form that it originally found in. For example, degradable pollutants are broken down to smaller amounts by natural processes, like bacteria making a pollutant harmless. Leading pollutants to runoff for streams, parts of the soil or evaporated into the atmosphere. As such it is true that no waste is ever eliminated, instead they exist in various forms.

Question 5: a) The star that is yellow will most likely emit its electromagnetic radiation at much shorter wavelength than the redder star. This is because on the b) The yellow star would have the hottest surface because radiation at shorter wave has higher energy, therefore allowing it's surface to be more hot. Question 6: a) - induction when molecules are in contact hot metal transfers energy to cool radiation too b) …nooooo…..no contact but yes radiation c) Yes, the object is still losing thermal energy. This is because when the object was red, the energy was low but it was still gaining energy. However, after it no longer glows red, the object tends to lose thermal energy by releasing all the energy is has absorbed previously. Question 7: a) The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is converted from one form to another, there is always some amount of energy that is degraded to lower quality and spread into the environment. This explains why only 12 GJ worth of electrical energy is created, as the rest is degraded to a lower quality. b) The useful energy conversion would be about 43% for the power plant c) IDK HOW TO CALCULATE, No longer gaining energy, but it's still losing energy d) The energy is degraded to a lower quality, usually taking the form of heat and is dispersed within the environment. Question 8:

Question 9: It would be incorrect to remove all greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, because such action would make the earth’s temperature about 33% colder, and become a frozen global. This is due to the fact that there are two type of greenhouse effect, the natural and the enhanced effect. It is important for the natural effect to take place, as it warms up earth and allows for life to take place and grow. However, the enhanced effect is the outcome of humans industrializing and burning fossil fuels, increase the natural effect of greenhouse gases by artificial means. As such, it is unwise to eliminate the greenhouse gases. Question 10: Through bacteria nitrogen is converted and is able to enter the food web, giving organisms their essential nutrients. While anaerobic bacteria is able to convert the ammonium back into the gas that is released into the atmosphere. However, without organisms nitrogen would not be able to circulate completely through the ecosphere. For example, nitrogen might be able to enter the food web via lightning however it will not be able to go back into the atmosphere. Since

decomposer bacteria cannot convert detritus to inorganic nitrogen and neither can anaerobic bacteria can release ammonium back into the atmosphere. As such, nitrogen will only be able to go from the atmosphere to the biosphere but there would be no way back....