Course paper - Financial managemnet PDF

Preview

Summary

Financial managemnet...

Description

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Almaty Kazakh – Turkish Humanitarian – Technological College

Course Paper Theme: «Main types of translation»

Done by: Bayraktarova E. 303 group Checked by: Abdikarimova B.

Almaty, 2020

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..3 I. Types of translation 1.1 A brief history of translation………………………………………..5 1.2 Main types of translation …………………………………………...9 II. Comparative studies of written and oral translation in using translating process 2.1 Using oral translation in Russian text into English………………...21 2.2 Using written translation in translating process…………………....26 CONCLUSION....……………………………………………………..32 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………….34

INTRODUCTION Translation has a long history. Its roots go back to those distant times when the proto-language began to break up into separate languages and there was a need for people who knew several languages and were able to act as intermediaries in communication between representatives of different language communities. Translation activities in the modern world are becoming increasingly widespread and socially significant. The translation profession has become widespread, and in many countries special educational institutions have been set up to train professional translators. Representatives of many other professions are involved in one form or another. Translation issues are of interest to the general public. The purpose of the translation is to familiarize the reader (or listener) who does not know a foreign language with this text (or the contents of the speech) as closely as possible. Y.I.Retsker gave the translation the following definition: “Translation is the exact reproduction of the original by means of another language, preserving the unity of content and style. This is the difference from the retelling, in which you can transfer the contents of a foreign original, omitting secondary details and not worrying about reproducing the style. Unity of content and style is recreated in translation on a different linguistic basis and therefore will be a new unity inherent in the language of translation. " We give one more definition of translation presented by V.S.Vinogradov: "We must agree with the idea that translation is a special, peculiar and independent form of verbal art." The theme of my course paper: «Many types of translation». The aim of this study is to give some brief explanations about types of translation which are used during the translation process with examples in a comparative way. So as to view the variations between the original texts and their translated versions 3

by different translators, some sentences and paragraphs from different novels, proverbs, idioms and poems are analyzed in a contrastive way according to semantic and syntactic differences. Then, possible suggestions to make an adequate and appropriate translation are presented. The actuality of the study is due to the fact that in the modern world the importance of translation has grown many times due to the process of globalization and the growing need for the establishment and development of communication between countries. The object of the study is the translation and its types. The methods of analysis in the second part - comparative methods. The structure of the course paper: an introduction, the main part, conclusion and bibliography.

4

I. TYPES OF TRANSLATION

1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF TRANSLATION Translation is a means of interlingual communication. The translator makes possible an exchange of information between the users of different languages by producing in the target language (TL or the translating language) a text which has an identical communicative value with the source (or original) text (ST). As a kind of practical activities translation (or the practice of translation) is a set of actions performed by the translator while rendering ST into another language. These actions are largely intuitive and the best results are naturally achieved by translators who are best suited for the job, who are well-trained or have a special aptitude, a talent for it. Masterpieces in translation are created by the past masters of the art, true artists in their profession. At its best translation is an art, a creation of a talented, high-skilled professional. The theory of translation provides the translator with the appropriate tools of analysis and synthesis, makes him aware of what he is to look for in the original text, what type of information he must convey in TT and how he should act to achieve his goal. In the final analysis, however, his trade remains an art. For science gives the translator the tools, but it takes brains, intuition and talent to handle the tools with great proficiency. Translation is a complicated phenomenon involving linguistic, psychological, cultural, literary, ergonomical and other factors. The core of the translation theory is the general theory of translation which is concerned with the fundamental aspects of translation inherent in the nature of bilingual communication and therefore common to all translation events, irrespective of what languages are involved or what kind of text and under what circumstances was translated. Basically, replacement of ST by TT of the same communicative value is possible because both texts are produced in human speech governed by the same rules and implying the same relationships between language, 5

reality and the human mind. All languages are means of communication, each language is used to externalize and shape human thinking, all language units are meaningful entities related to non-linguistic realities, all speech units convey information to the communicants. In any language communication is made possible through a complicated logical interpretation by the users of the speech units, involving an assessment of the meaning of the language signs against the information derived from the contextual situation, general knowledge, previous experience, various associations and other factors. The general theory of translation deals, so to speak, with translation universals and is the basis for all other theoretical study in this area, since it describes what translation is and what makes it possible. The general theory of translation describes the basic principles which bold good for each and every translation event. In each particular case, however, the translating process is influenced both by the common basic factors and by a number of specific variables which stem from the actual conditions and modes of the translator's work: the type of original texts he has to cope with, the form in which ST is presented to him and the form in which he is supposed to submit his translation, the specific requirements he may be called upon to meet in his work, etc. Contemporary translation activities are characterized by a great variety of types, forms and levels of responsibility. The translator has to deal with works of the great authors of the past and of the leading authors of today, with intricacies of science fiction and the accepted stereotypes of detective stories. He must be able to cope with the elegancy of expression of the best masters of literary style and with the tricks and formalistic experiments of modern avant-gardists. The translator has to preserve and fit into a different linguistic and social context a gamut of shades of meaning and stylistic nuances expressed in the original text by a great variety of language devices: neutral and emotional words, archaic words and new coinages, metaphors and similes, foreign borrowings, dialectal, jargon and slang expressions, 6

stilted phrases and obscenities, proverbs and quotations, illiterate or inaccurate speech, and so on and so forth. The original text may deal with any subject from general philosophical principles or postulates to minute technicalities in some obscure field of human endeavour. The translator has to tackle complicated specialized descriptions and reports on new discoveries in science or technology for which appropriate terms have not yet been invented. His duty is to translate diplomatic representations and policy statements, scientific dissertations and brilliant satires, maintenance instructions and after-dinner speeches, etc. Translating a play the translator must bear in mind the requirements of theatrical presentation, and dubbing a film he must see to it that his translation fits the movement of the speakers' lips. The translator may be called upon to make his translation in the shortest possible time, while taking a meal or against the background noise of loud voices or rattling type-writers. In simultaneous interpretation the translator is expected to keep pace with the fastest speakers, to understand all kinds of foreign accents and defective pronunciation, to guess what the speaker meant to say but failed to express due to his inadequate proficiency in the language he speaks. In consecutive interpretation he is expected to listen to long speeches, taking the necessary notes, and then to produce his translation in full or compressed form, giving all the details or only the main ideas. In some cases the users will be satisfied even with the most general idea of the meaning of the original, in other cases the translator may be taken to task for the slightest omission or minor error.

In mid-fifties of the last century conference interpreter was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous interpretation having been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, French, Russian and German).

7

In the interwar years consecutive interpretation alone was provided at international gatherings, such as at meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where English and French were used. The first interpreters were not trained but entered the profession on the strength of their mastery of languages, prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural background. Some of the legendary figures of interpreting include Jean Herbert, Andre Kaminker and Prince Constantin Andronikof, who was personal interpreter to General de Gaulle and one of the founders of AIIC, which was established in 1953. With the setting up of international and European organizations (United Nations – 1945, Council of Europe – 1949, European Community - 1957) there was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now encompasses the languages of the European Union and the UN family. The situation in the early 20 th century was totally different from what is known now as conference interpreting – a highly professional field requiring advanced learning and special training. Conference interpreting actually started during World War I, and until then all international meetings of any importance had been held in French for that was language of the 19th century diplomacy. After the Armistice had been signed on November 11 th, 1918, interpreters were invited to work for the Armistice Commissions and later at the Conference on the Preliminaries of Peace. This was the period when conference interpreting techniques to be developed. According to the conference interpreter and author Jean Herbert, they interpreted in consecutive in teams of two, each into his mother tongue. So conference interpreting was becoming a profession, assuming certain standards in the period between the two World Wars. It started as a nonprofessional skill, developed from sentence-by-sentence interpreting into consecutive proper and involved special techniques of taking notes as well as many others. 8

This interpreting process required special qualities on top of an excellent command of two languages, among others tact and diplomacy; above average physical endurance and good “nerves”. All this applies to both consecutive and simultaneous interpreting and interpreters. Simultaneous interpreting came into life much later although first attempts to initiate this new conference interpreting procedure were occasionally made at multilingual gathering in the late twenties and the early thirties. In the USSR simultaneous interpreting was first introduced at the VI Congress of the Communist International in 1928 with interpreters sitting in the front row of the conference hall trying hard to catch the words of speakers, coming from the rostrum, and taking into heavy microphones hanging on strings of their necks. Isolated booths for interpreters started to be used five years later, in 1933. Attempts to introduce simultaneous interpreting in the International Labour Organisation were made a few years before the Second World War. Interpreters there were seated in somewhat like an orchestra pit just below the rostrum. They had no earphone to facilitate listening and had to do their best to understand what came over the loudspeakers. They whispered their translations into a sort of box called a Hushaphone. With the establishment of the United Nations Organisation which opened up an era of multilateral diplomacy, and the development of multilateral economic relations a new era for conference interpreting also began. Simultaneous interpreting gained ground, particularly as Russian, Spanish and Chinese languages were introduced as UN working languages.

1.2 MAIN TYPES OF TRANSLATION

Oral translation is a type of translation in which the original and its translation appear in the process of translation in an unfixed form, which determines the one9

time perception by the translator of the segments of the original and the impossibility of subsequent comparison or correction of the translation after its completion. With interpretation, the creation of the text of the translation can occur either parallel to the perception of the original, or after the perception of the original is completed. There are 2 types of oral translation: simultaneous and consecutive. Simultaneous translation is one of the most difficult types of interpretation, in which the translator translates into the target language simultaneously, while listening to speech in the source language, as opposed to sequential translation, when the translator speaks in pauses in speech in the source language [ one]. Synchronist is a translator specializing in simultaneous translation. Simultaneous interpretation is usually performed using special equipment for simultaneous interpretation, sometimes whispering techniques are used for an individual listener. The possibility of simultaneous translation is explained by the fact that in modern languages approximately 50% of words are words that do not contain any new information, while it is also significant that a certain part of the information is still not perceived by the listeners. Special equipment is a simultaneous interpretation system (either stationary or operating on the basis of wireless voice transmission), usually consisting of a stationary or collapsible booth (booth), where a simultaneous interpretation installation is located, including two pairs of headphones and a microphone for translators, as well as a set of headphones or portable receivers according to the number of participants requiring translation. During the translation, the simultaneous interpreter is in an isolated cabin with soundproofed headphones so that his own voice does not drown out the speaker's voice. With the help of amplification equipment, the translation is fed to listeners in headphones. Using simultaneous interpretation technologies, as a rule, such events are organized with

10

the participation of a large number of people and held in large conference rooms or audiences, such as congresses, conferences, seminars, presentations. In practice, there are three types of simultaneous translation, which relate to different types of translation:

 simultaneous interpretation “by ear”, when the simultaneous interpreter perceives through the headphones the speaker’s continuous speech and translates in blocks, as information becomes available - the most common and most difficult case;  simultaneous "translation from the worksheet" with or without preliminary preparation, when the simultaneous interpreter receives the written text of the speaker’s speech in advance and performs the translation in accordance with the materials provided, making the necessary corrections during the deployment of the speech;  simultaneous reading of a previously translated text, in this version, a simultaneous interpreter, following the speaker’s speech, reads out the previously prepared text and, if necessary, makes adjustments if the speaker deviates from the original text during the speech. The advantages of simultaneous translation over sequential translation usually include the following:  The speech of the speaker (speaker) sounds without interruptions. This allows the speaker to hold the attention of the audience, to feel the mood and reaction of the audience.  The time of the event is reduced by about half compared with the use of consecutive translation.  Convenience for participants: knowledge of a foreign language is not uncommon today, so many participants prefer to listen to reports in a foreign

11

language in the original, and they are annoyed when a speaker stops during a sequential translation and all participants listen to the translation.  The ability to translate simultaneously into several languages. At the same time, simultaneous translation has some negative aspects:  The cost of simultaneous translation is usually higher compared to consecutive translation due to higher rates of simultaneous interpreters and the need to pay the cost of renting special equipment.  The need to attract at least two or three simultaneous interpreters who are equally well versed in the subject of the event.  Simultaneous translation is characterized by a significantly higher level of information loss and a lower level of assimilation.

From the synchronist, in addition to the requirements of fluency in a foreign and native language, competent and phonetically well-articulated speech in the target language, some specific skills are required. First of all, this is knowledge of the foundation of sustainable constructions and clichés, the ability to quickly find them, that is, automation of linguistic and speech means of expression, which allows for quick reaction. Since simultaneous translation requires a high degree of concentration, lengthy work at an event with simultaneous translation requires high levels of mental and physical endurance. At major events, translators work in shifts, and the change of one translator is selected in the interval of 15-30 minutes of continuous work.

Consecutive translation is one of the types of interpretation, in which the translator begins to translate into the target language after the speaker has stopped speaking, having finished the whole speech or some part of it. This type of translation is often referred to as paragraph-phrase translation. Most often, the translator is directly next to the speaker, so he can see his facial 12

expressions and gestures, which helps to correctly understand the meaning of what was said. However, sometimes the translator is out of sight of the audience, in the booth or behind the stage, and perceives speech through headphones; and in this case, the ability to observe the speaker at least from a distance is very important. The task of the interpreter, who translates sequentially, is to remember the meaning of a significant fragment of the text and then reproduce it in another language, preserving not only cognitive information, but also, if possible, the speaker’s style, as well as emotional information, i.e. those emotions, which the speaker puts in his speech. Therefore, such a translator needs to have a developed memory, the ability to navigate in style on the go, to have some acting data. To enable consecutive translation, the speaker occasionally pauses in the speech necessary for the translator to translate what was said. Consecutive translation requires keeping ...