Criminal Justice Today Textbook Questions PDF

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A few questions on each chapter we read...

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Chapter One - What are the three central parts to the justice system? (Police, courts, corrections) - In 2002 Bush signs the _____ Act to deter fraud. (Sarbanes-Oxley)  Chapter Two - What is the difference between UCR and NIBRS? (UCR only counts greatest offense, NIBRS includes more contextual info etc.) - What criminal offense has the highest clearance rate? (Murder)  Chapter Three - From which criminological school does the practice of profiling come from? (Psychological) - How is labelling theory detrimental to an offender? (Internalization of “criminal” label, exclusion from society etc.)  Chapter Four - What are the six types of law? (Criminal, administrative, case law, statutory, civil, common law) - The legal principle of ____ requires that courts maintain the decisions of earlier cases when a subsequent case is similar. (Stare decisis)  Chapter Five - What is the difference between private protective services and other law enforcement? (Work for a corporation/ private employer, funded by private employer instead of taxpayers, outnumber public law enforcement 3 to 1) - What is the difference between centralized and decentralized state law enforcement agencies? (Centralized: investigation combined with patrolling, decentralized: distinction between traffic and crime, two separate agencies)  Chapter Six - What are the five basic purposes of policing? (Enforce and support law, investigate and apprehend offenders, prevent crime, ensure peace and tranquility, serve community) - What is the purpose of preventative patrol? (Deter crime, interrupt crime, position officers for quick response, increase feelings of safety)  Chapter Seven - What can arresting officers search? (The defendant and the physical area within reach) - _____ states that evidence from an illegal seizure should be thrown out in court. (Fruit from the poisonous tree doctrine)  Chapter Eight - What does “grass eating” and “meat eating” mean in police corruption? (“grass eating” is low-level corruption like gratuities, “meat eating” is high-level corruption like major bribes or denial of civil rights.)

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The 1985 Supreme Court case ____ specified the conditions in which deadly force can be used. (Tennessee v. Garner)

 Chapter Nine - How is the federal court system structured? (From top to bottom: U.S. Supreme Court, courts of appeal, district courts) - What is exculpatory evidence? (Information that could clear a person guilty of a crime)  Chapter Ten - How can we improve the adjudication process, according to the textbook? (By unifying courts, eliminating overlapping jurisdictions, creating more court-watch citizen groups) - What are the usual pretrial activities? (First appearance, pretrial release/detention, bail/release on recognizance, preliminary hearing, arraignment and plea)  Chapter Eleven - What are the different goals of sentencing? (Retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, restoration) - What are some alternatives to traditional sentencing options? (Community service, drug programs, community corrections, etc.)  Chapter Twelve - What is the difference between probation and parole? (Probation: sentence that is suspended or conditional freedom as long as conditions of behavior are met. Parole: convicted offender already incarcerated is conditionally released before end of sentence) - What is shock incarceration and who is it most often given to? (Given to young and first time offenders, a boot camp style prison meant to “shock” offenders. Usually only up to six months)  Chapter Thirteen - Early punishments were based off the idea of _____ and included punishments like____(lex talionis/eye for an eye ; flogging, public humiliation etc.) - What is the difference between prison and jail? (prisons are state or federal confinement facilities, jails are run by local government, hold people pending adjudication or after adjudication for a year or less)  Chapter Fourteen - What is a total institution? (Enclosed facility separated from society with its own subculture) - Until when was the “hands off” doctrine used in prisons and jails? (the 60s)  Chapter Fifteen - The common law principle _____ allows the state to assume parental role/ custody of a minor (parens patriae)

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What is a status offender? (A juvenile who commits a crime that is only a crime because of their age)

 Chapter Sixteen - What is the difference between legalization and decriminalization? (legalization eliminates all laws associated with controlled substance, decriminalization significantly reduces penalties but doesn’t completely eliminate) - What was the first major antidrug legislation? (Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914)...