Critical Listening - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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CRI TI CALLI STENI NG

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Yourc ommons e ns et e l l syout ha tt heme s s a gei s i l l ogi c a l ,youve r ywe l lma yber i ght .

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Yous houl dbet hi nki ngaboutwhe t he rt hes pe e c h s e e msc r edi bl eand c ohe r ent .I nt hi swa y ,your us eofc ommons e ns ec a nac tasawar ni ngs ys t e m f oryou.

Cr i t i c alLi s t ener -

Li s t e nst oal lpar t soft heme s s a ge ,anal yz i ngi t ande val ua t i ngwha tyouhe ar d.

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Whe nenga gi ngi nc r i t i c all i s t e ni ng,youar eal s o c r i t i c al l yt hi nki ng.

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You ar e maki ng me nt alj udge me nt s ba s e d on wha tyou, s e e ,he a ra ndr e a d.

5. Rel a t eNew I deast oOl dOnes -

Cr i t i c alLi s t eni ng

I fyouc anmakee ffe c t i vec ompar i s onswhi l eyou ar el i s t e ni ng,i tc ande e pe nyourunder s t andi ngof t hemes s a ge

For m ofl i s t e ni ngt ha ti fus ual l ynotme nt i oned, s i nc ei ti nvol ve sa nal ys i s ,c r i t i c a lt hi nki ng and j udge me nt .

6. TakeNot es -

Maki ng j udge me nt s dur i ng l i s t e ni ng i s of t en c ons i der e dasaba r r i ert ounder s t andape r s on, andt he r e ’ sal otoft r ut hi nt ha t .

I t sne ar l yi mpos s i bl et owr i t edowne ve r yt hi nga s pe akers a ys

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Car e f ul ,s e l e c t i ve not e t aki ng i s i mpor t ant bec aus ewewanta nac c ur a t er e c or dt ha tr efle c t s t heme ani ngoft heme s s a ge

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Toi nc r e as eyourc r i t i c all i s t e ni ngs ki l l s ,c ont i nue de ve l opi ng youra bi l i t yt oi de nt i f yt he c e nt r a l i s s ue si nmes s a ge ss ot ha tyouc a nt akea c c ur a t e not e st ha tr e pr e s e ntt heme ani ngsi nt ende d by t hes pe ake r .

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Et hi c a ll i s t e ni ngr e s t she a vi l yonhones ti nt ent i ons

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Wes houl de xt end t os pe ake r st hes a mer e s pe c t wewantt or ec e i vewhe ni ti sourt ur nt os pe ak.

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Wes houl d bef ac i ngt hes pe ake rwi t houre yes ope n

Cr i t i c all i s t ene r sar ea war eofwhet hera s pe ake ri sde l i ver i ngaf a c t ualme s s a ge orame s s a gebas e donopi ni on

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Wes houl dnotbec hec ki ngourc e l l phone s

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Wes houl da voi da nybe ha vi ort ha tbe l i t t l est he s pe akerort hemes s a ge

Awa r eofi nt e r pl a y be t we e nt he i rown opi ni ons and f ac t s as t he yl i s t e nt o mes s a ges 2. Unc over i ngAs s umpt i ons

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Wes houl dr e f r ai nf r om t r i vi al i zi nge ac hot her ’ s c onc er n

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Sus pendj udgement ; ne ve rbeaf aul tfinde r .

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Howe ve r ,c r i t i c all i s t e ni ngoc c ur swhe nyous t i l l wantt o unde r s t and wha tt he ot he rpe r s on i s s a yi ng, but a l s o ha ve s ome r e as on or r e s pons i bi l i t yt oe val ua t ewha ti sbe i ng s ai dt o youandhow i ti sbei ngs ai d. Theke yt hough,i st ot r yt ounde r s t a ndt heot he r per s onFI RSTbe f or eonee val ua t e s .

6Wa yst oI mpr oveYourCr i t i c alLi s t eni ng 1. Rec ogni zi ngt hedi ffer enc esbet weenf ac t sand opi ni ons -

Le ar ni ngt os e par a t eopi ni onsf r om f ac t s

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Wor kst wowa ys : o

o

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You mi ght he ar i nf or ma t i on t ha t a ppe ar s uns uppor t e dbye vi de nc e ,yous houl dnotac c e pt t ha ti nf or ma t i onunc ondi t i onal l y

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Youwoul dac c e pti tundert hec ondi t i ont ha tt he s pe aker offe r sc r e di bl ee vi de nc et ha t di r e c t l y s uppor t si t o

o

Li s t eni ngEt hi c al l y

Fac t s 

Ar e ve r i fie d by unambi guouse vi denc e

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Mos tf a c t sc anbet e s t e d

c l e ar

As s umpt i ons 

Ar enots uppor t e dbye vi de nc e

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As s umpt i ons aboutt he f ut ur e c annotbet e s t e di nt hepr e s e nt

3. BeOpent oNew I deas -

Doesnots ugge s tt ha tyou ha ve t oa gr e e wi t h e ver yi de at ha tyouar ef a c edwi t hi nl i f e

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Sugge s t st ha tyou a tl e as tl i s t e nt ot heme s s a ge andt he ne val ua t et hemes s a ge

4. Rel yonRe as onandCommonSens e

RHETORI CALANALYSI S

Rhet or i c

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Thear tofpe r s uas i on

Anal ys i s -

A.Et hos -

Br e aki ng down t he whol ei nt o pi ec e sf ort he pur pos eofe xami na t i on

Rhet or i c alAnal ys i s -

Unl i kes ummar y ,ar he t or i c alanal ys i sdoe snot onl yr e qui r ear e s t a t e me ntofi de as ;i ns t e ad,you mus tr e c ogni zer he t or i c almove st ha tanaut hori s maki ng i n an a t t emptt o pe r s uade hi s orhe r audi e nc et odoort ot hi nks ome t hi ng.

How t oWr i t eaRhe t or i c alAnal ys i s 1. GetKnowl edgeUs e“Soaps t one”Met hod -

SOAPSTone:i s an ac r onym f or a s e r i es of que s t i onst ha ts t ude nt smus tfir s tas kt he ms e l ve s , and t hen a ns we r ,ast he y be gi nt o pl an t he i r c ompos i t i ons .

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Spe aker :The voi c et ha tt e l l st he s t or y .Be f or e s t ude nt sbe gi nt owr i t e ,t he ymus tde c i dewhos e voi c ei sgoi ngt obehe ar d:t he i rown,orafic t i onal c har ac t e r .Re gar dl e s s ,s t ude nt ss houl dde t e r mi ne how t oi ns e r tandde ve l opt hos ea t t r i but e soft he s pe akert ha twi l li nflue nc et hepe r c e i ve dme ani ng oft hepi e c e .

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Oc c as i on:Thet i meandt hepl ac eoft hepi ec e ; t he c ont e xtt ha tpr ompt e dt he wr i t i ng.Wr i t i ng doe s notoc c uri n a vac uum.Al lwr i t e r sa r e i nflue nc edbyt hel ar ge roc c a s i on:ane nvi r onment of i de as ,a t t i t ude s , and e mot i ons t ha ts wi r l a r ound a br oad i s s ue . Then t he r e i s t hei mmedi a t eoc c as i on:ane ve ntors i t ua t i ont ha t c a t c he st he wr i t e r ’ sa t t e nt i on and t r i gger sa r e s pons e .

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Audi e nc e :Thegr oup ofr e a der st owhom t hi s pi e c ei sdi r e c t e d.Ast he ybe gi nt owr i t e ,s t ude nt s mus tde t er mi newho t heaudi e nc ei st ha tt he y i nt end t oa ddr e s s .I tma y be one pe r s on ora s pe c i ficgr oup.Thi sc hoi c eofaudi e nc ewi l laffe c t how andwhys t ude nt swr i t eapar t i c ul art e xt .

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Pur pos e :The r e as on be hi nd t he t e xt .St udent s ne e dt oc ons i de rt hepur pos eoft het e xti nor de r t o de ve l op t he t hes i sort he a r gumenta nd i t s l ogi c .The ys houl d as kt he ms e l ves ,“Wha tdo I wantmyaudi enc et ot hi nkordoasar e s ul tof r e adi ngmyt e xt ? ”

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S-ubj e c t :St ude nt ss houl d beabl et os t a t et he s ubj e c ti naf e w wor dsorphr as e s .Thi ss t e phe l ps t he mt of oc uson t hei nt ended t as kt hr oughout t hewr i t i ngpr oc e s s .

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Tone :The a t t i t ude oft he aut hor .The s poke n wor dc a nc onve yt hes pe ake r ’ sa t t i t udeandt hus he l pi mpar tme ani ngt hr ought oneofvoi c e .Wi t h t hewr i t t e nwor d,t onee xt e ndsme ani ngbe yond t hel i t e r a l ,ands t ude nt smus tl e ar nt oc onve yt hi s t one i nt he i rdi c t i on ( c hoi c eofwor ds ) ,s ynt ax ( s e nt e nc ec ons t r uc t i on) ,andi ma ge r y( me t aphor s , s i mi l e s ,andot he rt ype soffigur a t i vel angua ge ) . The abi l i t yt o mana get one i sone oft he bes t i ndi c a t or sofas ophi s t i c a t e dwr i t e r .

2. Pr epar a t i on: 3 Per s uas i ve Met hods ( Rhet or i c al

Theaut hor i t yorc r edi bi l i t yoft hea ut hor .Can r e f e rt o any of t he f ol l owi ng: t he ac t ual c har ac t e roft hes pe ake r /wr i t e r ,t hec har ac t erof t hewr i t e rasi ti spr e s e nt ed i nat e xt ,orasa s e r i es of gr ound r ul es /c us t oms ,whi c h ar e ne got i a t e d be t wee n s pe ake r , audi e nc e , and s pe c i fic t r adi t i ons or l oc a t i ons .The s pe ake r mus tc onvi nc et hea udi enc eoft he i rc r e di bi l i t y t hr ought hel angua get he yus eandt hr ought he de l i ver y ,or e mbodi e d pe r f or manc e ,oft hei r s pe ec h.

B. Pat hos -

Emot i onalappe al st ot he audi e nc et oe voke f e e l i ngs of pi t y ,s ympa t hy ,t e nde r nes s , or s or r ow. The s pe ake r ma y al s o want t he audi e nc et of e e l anger ,f e a r ,c our a ge ,l ove , happi nes s ,s a dnes s , e t c .

C. Logos -

I nc l as s i c alr het or i c ,l ogos i st he me ans of per s uas i onbydemons t r a t i onoft het r ut h,r e al or appar ent ,t he r e a s ons or s uppor t i ng i nf or ma t i onus e dt os uppor tac l ai m,t heus eof l ogi corr e as ont omakeanar gume nt .Logosc an i nc l ude c i t i ng f ac t s and s t a t i s t i c s ,hi s t or i c al e vent s ,andot he rf or msoff a c t bas e de vi de nc e . The l ogos a ppr oac hi s di ffe r e nt .I ti nvol ve s r a t i onaland l ogi c a lt hi nki ng t oc ont a c tand gui det heaudi e nc e .

3. Or gani zeYourWor k -

Yous houl dmakeanout l i neoft hewor kwi t ha f oc us on t he t a r get . Pr ovi de a s e que nt i al al l oc a t i onoft i mebe t we e nr e adi ng,anal yzi ng, and wr i t i ng.De fine a nd kee pi n mi nd your maj ort as ksbe f or es t a r t i ngt or e ad at e xtand wr i t eyournar r a t i ve .St ar twi t h at hor oughl y r e adi ng t he pr omptt o know wha tki nd of anal yt i c ales s a yi sr e qui r e d.Af t ert ha t ,i dent i f y t he good s t r a t e gi e s us e d by t he aut hor t o e xpr e s shi si de as .

4. As kQues t i ons -

Whe nyouwr i t ear he t or i c a lanal ys i s ,youmus t be as good,pr of e s s i onal ,and pe r s uas i ve as She r l oc kHol me s .Youma ybewonde r i ngwha t t he r es e mbl anc e s be t we en t he mos tf amous det e c t i vei nt hewor l d and t het as kt owr i t ea r het or i c ale s s a yar e .I ti sas ui t a bl eque s t i on.The ans weri sc l e ar .To s uc c e e di nt hi sfie l d,you ne e dt o pr ovi de a c a r e f uli nve s t i ga t i on and r e s e ar c h. I nt er r oga t e t he wr i t e r and hi s c ompos i t i on! Anal yze t he aut hor ' s hi dden mot i ve s .Ke ep i n mi nd t ha tt heke y que s t i ons t ha tyou s houl d as k al lt he t i me a r e al mos t r het or i c al . The yar e" Wha t ? "and" Why? "

Exampl e s :  Whydoest heaut horr e s e a r c hand a nal yzet he t opi c ?  Wha ti shi s( orhe r )i nt e nt i oni nwr i t i ng?  Wha ti shi sar gume nt ?...