design of pressure vessel final project with component decryption and full analysis PDF

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this is a project that is worked on the design an analysis of pressure vessel. the project includes the components, application force and stress analysis detail design with 2d and 3d diagram if the pressure vessel. the project also includes the material that should be used to make this project...

Description

DIRE DAWA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT TITLE: PARAFFIN OIL STORAGE PRESSURE VESSEL

DISIGNED BY: ERMIYAS TADESSE……………..DDU1002363

ADVISOR: BRHAN DINBERU SUBMITION DATE: April 27, 2021

A. specification 1. Medium; Paraffin oil

Acidic solution

Oil product

Air

 2. Inner service pressure [Mpa]; 0.25

0.4

0.6

1

1.6

2.5

6.3

10

16

25



3. Nominal volume [M3] 0.25

0.5

1

1.6

2.5

4

350

400

450



4. Service temperature [0C] 200

250

300



5. Position Horizontal

Vertical



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2. Support element Leg support

Lug(bracket)

Saddle support 

3. Connecting pipes A. Two longitudinal, one lateral, with 25

40

65

80

100

125

150



B. One pipes for safety valve nominal diameter 25mm (flange) C. One simple opening nominal diameter 25mm (flange) D. One bottom discharge pipe, if necessary with flanges.

25

40

65

80

125

150



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In performing my project assignment, I had to take help and guideline of some respected person, who deserve my greatest gratitude. The completion of this project gives me much pleasure. Instructor BRHAN DINBERU gives as good guide line for assignment thought out numerous consultations. I would also like to expand my deepest gratitude to all those who have directly and indirectly guide me in writing this assignment.

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Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 APPLICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL ............................................................................................ 3 1.4 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ............................................................................................................... 5 1.5 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.1 General objectives ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.5.2 Specific objectives ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 LITURATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 USES OF PRESSURE VESSEL .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRESSURE VESSEL............................................. 10 2.3.1

Advantage .................................................................................................................................. 10

2.3.2 Disadvantage ................................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSEL ........................................................................................................ 10 2.5 COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL ......................................................................................... 13 2.5.1 Head............................................................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Shell ............................................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.3 Nozzle............................................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.4 Support .......................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.4.1 SKIRT SUPPORT.................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.4. 2. LEG SUPPORT ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.4 .3. SADDLE SUPPORT ............................................................................................................. 18 2.5.4 .4. LUG SUPPORT .................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.5 Manhole......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5.6 Flange ............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.6 STANDARDS AND CODES FOR PRESSURE VESSEL .................................................................. 20 2.7 DESIGN PRINCIPLE OF PRESSURE VESSEL ................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 22 3.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL .................................................................... 22 Page | IV

3.2.1 SPECIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL ............................................................................. 22 3.2.2 GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS........................................................................................................ 23 3.3 DETERMING THE DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF A PRESSURE VESSEL ................................ 23 3.4 MATERIALS OF PRESSURE VESSEL ............................................................................................. 24 3.5 MATERIAL SELECTION AT TEMPRATURE OF 3500C ................................................................ 26 3.6 PROPERTIES AND DATA ON MATERIAL TO BE SELECTED .................................................... 29 3.7 WELDING TYPE ................................................................................................................................. 30 3.7.1 Advantage of welding joint ........................................................................................................... 30 3.7.2 Welding processes ......................................................................................................................... 30 3.7.4 Conclusion on the welding type .................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 32 4.1 PARTS OF DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 32 4.1.1 DESIGN OF SHELL: ................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.1.1 Design of shell thickness:........................................................................................................ 32 4.1.1.2 Design of shell weight:............................................................................................................ 35 4.1.2DESIGN OF HEAD: ..................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.2.1 HEAD THICKNESS ................................................................................................................ 36 4.1.3 HEAD TO SHELL TRANSITION ............................................................................................... 38 4.1.4 SELECTION OF FLANGE BASED ON TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RATING ....... 39 4.1.5 FLANGE AND GASKET DESGIN ............................................................................................. 40 4.1.5.1) FLANGE APPLIED LODE AND FLANGE MOMEANT ...................................................... 40 4.1.5.2) FLANGE STRESS .................................................................................................................. 45 4.1.6 DESIGN OF BOLT AND GASKET............................................................................................. 51 4.1.6.1 BOLT AREA ............................................................................................................................ 51 4.1.7 DESIGN FOR WALL THICKNESS OF THE NOZZLE R [2] .................................................. 53 4.1.8 REINFORCMENT OF OPENING.............................................................................................. 54 4.1.9 DESIGN OF MAN HOLE ............................................................................................................ 57 4.1.10 DESIGN OF SADDLE SUPPORT ............................................................................................ 58 4.1.10.1) DUE TO INTERNAL PRESSURE ....................................................................................... 58 4.1.10.2) STRESS DUE TO WEIGHT OF VESSEL & ATTACHMENT ............................................ 58 4.1.10.3) PERIOD OF VIBRATION ...................................................................................................60 4.1.10.4) STRESS DUE TO EARTHQUAKE ...................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 62 Page | V

5.1 Detail drawing of each components ...................................................................................................... 62 5.1.1 Detail drawing of components by 2D and 3D .............................................................................. 62 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................................................ 66 6.1 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 66 6.1.1 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 66 6.1.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................. 67 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 68 Reference..................................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendix I .................................................................................................................................................. 70 Appendix II ................................................................................................................................................. 71

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ABSTRACT Pressure vessels are widely used in various industries. A Horizontal pressure vessel has been designed graphically and analytically in this project. For designing of horizontal saddle supported pressure vessel some input parameters like volume, pressure, temperature and processing fluid are included in this project. By using these parameters I have calculated the diameter, thickness, length, weight for shell, head, pipe, nozzle, flange, manhole, bottom discharge, the stress at intersections that are caused by discontinuity shear stress and moments which exist to maintain compatibility at the junction .and also the uses of pressure vessel, application, types, materials, component, standard code and consideration of pressure vessel.

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LIST OF FIGURE

PAGE

Fig 1.1……………………………………………………………………..5 Fig 2.1…………………………………………………………………….7 Fig 2.2……………………………………………………………………..14 Fig 2.3……………………………………………………………………..14 Fig 2.4……………………………………………………………………..14 Fig 2.5……………………………………………………………………..15 Fig 2.6……………………………………………………………………..15 Fig 2.7……………………………………………………………………...16 Fig 2.8……………………………………………………………………...16 Fig 2.9……………...………………………………………………………17 Fig 2.10……………………………………………………………………17 Fig 2.11……………………………………………………………………18 Fig 2.12……………………………………………………………………18 Fig 2.13……………………………………………………………………19 Fig 3.1…………………………………………………………………….23 Fig 3.2…………………………………………………………………….31 Fig 4.1…………………………………………………………………….38 Fig 4.2…………………………………………………………………….40 Fig 4.4…………………………………………………………………….42 Fig 4.5…………………………………………………………………….45

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LIST OF TABLES

PAGE

Table 2.1………………………………………………………………………20 Table 3.1………………………………………………………………………23 Table 3.2……………………………………………………………………….25 Table 3.3………………………………………………….……………………28 Table 3.4………………………………………………………………………..28 Table 3.5………………………………………………….…………………….29 Table 3.6………………………………………………….…………………….31 Table 4.1………………………………………………….…………………….33 Table 4.2…………………………………………………..……………………35 Table 4.3…………………………………………………..……………………39 Table 4.4…………………………………………………..……………………40 Table 4.5…………………………………………………..……………………46 Table 6.1…………………………………………………..……………………66

LIST OF ABRIVATION LPG: - Liquefied petroleum gas ASME: - American society of mechanical engineer BPVC: - Boiler and pressure vessel code HIP:-Hot iso static pressure API: - American petroleum institute Page | IX

LIST OF SYMBOLES di ........inner diameter do………outer diameter L………length v ........volume Ri ….inner radius Ro …..Outer radius t …….thickness E……efficiency P……pressure S……allowable stress ….hoop stress …….lateral stress W…….weight m …….mass Q………quantity of fluid carried per minute V…….velocity Z………selection modules ………density

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CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A pressure vessel is defined as container with internal pressure, different from atmospheric pressure. The fluid inside the pressure vessel may undergo state of change like in case of boilers. Pressure vessel has combination of high pressure together with high temperature and may be with flammable radioactive material. Because of these hazards it is important to design the pressure vessel such that no leakage can take place as well as the pressure vessel is to be designed carefully to cope with high pressure and temperature. Plant safety and integrity are one of the fundamental concerns in pressure vessel design and these depend on adequacy of design codes. In general the cylindrical shell is made of a uniform thickness which is determined by the maximum circumferential stress due to the internal pressure. Since the longitudinal stress is only one-half of this circumferential stress. The structure is to be designed fabricated and checked as per American Society of Mechanical Engineers standards. Pressure vessels are used in number of industries like power generation industry for fossil and nuclear power generation, in petrochemical industry for storage of petroleum oil in tank as well as for storage of gasoline in service stations and in the chemical industry. R [1] Pressure vessels are also used in a variety of applications including the industry and the private sector. They appear in these sectors respectively as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. other examples of pressure vessels are: diving cylinder, recompression chamber, distillation towers, autoclaves and many other vessels in mining or oil refineries and petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessel, habitat of a space ship, habitat of a submarine, pneumatic reservoir, hydraulic reservoir under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoir, road vehicle airbrake reservoir and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane, butane and LPG. The size and geometric form of pressure vessel is varying from large cylindrical vessel for high pressure application to small size used as hydraulic unit of aircraft. In pressure vessel whenever expansion or contraction occurs normally as result of heating or cooling, thermal stresses are developed. There are many types of stresses developed in the vessel. R [2] Page | 1

Stresses are categorized into primary stresses and secondary stresses. Primary stresses are generally due to internal or external Pressure or produced by moments and these are not selflimiting. Thermal stresses are secondary stresses because they are self-limiting. That is yielding or deformation of the part relaxes the stress (except thermal stress racketing). Thermal stresses will not cause failure by rupture in ductile materials except by fatigue over repeated loading applications. The end caps fitted to the cylindrical body are called heads, and these heads may be hemispherical, rectangular, elliptical or circular shape. R [2]

1.2 BACKGROUND The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by Leonardo da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to lift heavy weight thunder water. However, vessels resembling those used today did not come about until the 1800‟s, when steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial revolution. However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local providences and states in the United States began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to keep up with the varied rules from one location to another and the first pressure vessel code was developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design tank capable of withstanding pressures up to 10,000 psi (69MPa), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods.

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The need for high pressure and temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with welding instead of rivets (which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required) and in the 1920s and1930s the BPVC included welding as inacceptable means of construction, and welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today. R [4] There have been many advancements in t...