Development Process of Theory in Nursing PDF

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Development Process of Theory in Nursing

Impact of theory and research:

A. Stage of SILENT KNOWLEDGE (civil war 1868)

Nurse scholars focused on defining nursing and on developing theories about and for nursing.

Source of knowledge: Blind obedience to medical authority.

Nursing research focused on the nurse rather than on clients and clinical situations.

Impact of theory and research:

D. Stage of PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE (1970s)

Little attempt to develop theory.

Source of knowledge:

Research was limited to collection of epidemiologic data.

Includes both separate and connected knowledge.

B. Stage of RECEIVED KNOWLEDGE (World War II- late 1940s)

Impact of theory and research:

Source of knowledge:

Proliferation of approaches to theory development. Application of theory in practice was frequently underemphasized. Emphasis was placed on the procedures used to acquire knowledge, with overattention to the appropriateness of methodology, the criteria for evolution and statistical procedures for data analysis.

Learning through listening to others. Impact of theory and research: Theories were borrowed from other disciplines.

E. Stage of CONSTRUCTED KNOWLEDGE (1980s) Impact of theory and research: Source of knowledge: As nurses acquired non-nursing doctoral degrees, they relied on the authority of educators, sociologists, psychologists, physiologists and anthropologists to provide answers to nursing problems.

Integration of different types of knowledge (intuition, reason, and self-knowledge)

Research was primarily educational research or sociologic research. \

Impact of theory and research:

C. Stage of SUBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE (1950s)

Nursing theory should be based on prior empirical studies, theoretical literature, client reports of clinical experiences and feelings and the nurse scholar’s intuition or related knowledge about the phenomenon of concern.

Source of knowledge: Authority was internalized and a new sense of self emerged.

• Impact of theory and research: A negative attitude toward borrowed theories and science emerged.

The development of nursing science has evolved since the 1960s as a pursuit to be understood as a scientific discipline.

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the unique contribution of nursing to the care of patients, families, and communities is acknowledged.

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Ex. Peplau’s Psychodynamic Nursing and Orlando’s Nursing Process Theory

TYPES OF THEORIES

MICRO RANGE THEORY

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are the least complex.

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contain the least complex concepts and are narrowest in scope.

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deal with a small aspect of reality, generally a set of theoretical statements

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Deals with specific and narrow defined phenomena

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ACCORDING TO ORIENTATION OR FOCUS OF THE THEORY

ACCORDING TO RANGE

1. Grand Theory 2. Middle Range Theory 3. Micro Theory GRAND THEORY •

consist of broad conceptual frameworks that reflect wide and expansive perspectives for practice and ways of describing, explaining, predicting and looking at nursing phenomena. They are the most complex and broadest in scope.

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Henderson’s The Nature of Nursing ; Levine’s The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing, Roy’s Adaptation Model, and Orem’s Self-Care

1. Client-Centered Theories 2. Client-Nurse Dynamics 3. Nurse-Client-Environment Dynamics

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(Marriner-Tomey)

CLIENT CENTERED THEORIES •

are those focused on the needs and problems that clients have which are met, resolved or alleviated by nursing interventions.

less complex and narrower in scope than grand theory and micro theory.

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Some of these nursing theories focused on man as a biological system, a behavioral composite and an organism with stages of development.

A more workable level is the middle range.more limited in scope and less variables, and testable.

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This category includes the theories developed by the following:

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Nightingale

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Abdellah

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Henderson

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Orem

MIDDLE RANGE THEORY •

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Mid range Example: grand theory on stress and adaptation might not yield any interpretable guidelines on practice but if the theory is focused on chronic lingering illness as the stressor on family, the stress theory becomes operational for both research and practice purposes.

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Pender

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Roy

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Levine

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Hall

Neuman asserted that man is in constant interaction with the environment and that any change occurring in one affects the other.

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Theories of Neuman and Leininger are discussed under this category. They considered all the dimensions of man and the interactions of the nurse-client simultaneously and comprehensively within a cultural and systems environmental perspective.

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They viewed the environment as encompassing family, society, culture, health care professionals, significant others, as well as the socio-economic and social additions surrounding the client.

NURSE-CLIENT DYNAMICS •

focus on interaction between the nurse and client.

Some of these nursing theories highlighted one –to- one client-nurse relationships which depicted persons as interactive beings. This category includes theories developed by the following: •

Peplau

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Watson

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King

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Orlando

Nursing is a structured and deliberate process. It is an interpersonal process occurring between a person (Client) need for help, and a person (nurse) capable of giving help and assistance. The term “patient” will be used to refer to clients who are confined in a hospital. Otherwise, the term “client” will refer to any person in need of help for a health problem. There are multiple factors in the environment that influence nurse-client dynamics. NURSE-CLIENT-ENVIRONMENT DYNAMICS •

focus on the interaction between nurse and client in an environment that includes broader dimensions of time and space as well as culture and cultural diversity and universality....