Diseases chart - Summary General Microbiology PDF

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Summary

summary of all diseases with symptoms, signs, cure, types...

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AEROSOAL ROUTE: Host to Host Diseases

Viral/ Bacteria

AIDS

Viral

Cholera

Bacteria – Vibrio Cholerae

Transmitted Aerosol route Sexually or blood Through water

Sign and symptoms

Treatment

Attacks immune system Disrupts the absorption of small intestine, digestive tract.

Sexual protection

Clean water supply

OTHER

May develop into pandemic

Influenza

Virus- RNA based virus Streptococcal pyogenes aka group A streptococci: gram positive, pus forming wounds This is bacteria which causes variety of diseases; erysipelas: skin infection. Strep throat Cause infections of the inner ear, mammary glands and inflammation of skin (IMPETIGO) Found in low # in the upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals. Scarlet Fever Bacteria Redness over Antibiotic face, rash (another type of streptococcal pygoenes disease) Toxic shock Antibiotic Bacteria Redness in face, syndrome (Caused by dropping of streptococcus BP, rashes pyogenes ) Rheumatic fever (autoimmune disorder) Antibodies causes inflammation.

Bacteria

Is not due to direct contact by bacteria but due to mistake by immune system. Any streptococc us pyogenes will lead to

Antibiotic

Usually after strep throat but some people skip strep throat. Lysogenic bacteriophages that encodes exotoxins Have exotoxins incorporated in their genome When disease is not treated or insufficiently treated will lead to rheumatic fever. Usually temporary Rheumatic heart: causes permanent heart valve damage

rheumatic fever Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia (Pneumonia can be caused by multiple pathogens)

Antibiotic Older people usually gets vaccine.

Diphtheria (respiratory infection , common in children) (not common in developed countries)

BacteriaCorynebacteri um diphtheriae

Pertussis aka whopping cough

Gram negative

Coughing, sneezing, difficulty in breathing

DIAGNOSIS: ….

Violent cough

(pink, red)

BacteriaBordetella Pertussis

HIGHLY INFECTIOUS

Vaccine: lifelong vaccine. Antibiotic (Early administration is imp, bcz if pt. has a strain that produce exotoxins then greater damage can occur) Vaccine –not lifelong. (given soon after birth) Booster available for adults. Antibiotics Need immune response even after course of antibiotics it takes time to completely recover.

Tuberculosis Slow growing

Bacteriamycobacteriu

Transmitted by airborne

Symptoms Cough, chest

This bacteria strains has to be in capsule form because capsule helps them to hide and attach to tissue.

Pathogenic strains lysogenized by bacteriophage B (beta) produce a powerful exotoxin. Exotoxin causes tissue death, Appearance of pseudo membrane in pt. throat.

Observed in school age children. Can cause hemorrhage in infant bcz of cough. Upward trend of infections bcz very less common in developed countries which caused parent to not give vaccine to child which later gave rise to disease. Also false belief that it is linked with autism.

DIAGNOSIS: ………. Vaccine available Rise even in developed countries because of

microbe. All mycobacterium are acid fast because of the waxy mycolic acid content of their cell walls.

m tuberculosis Mycobacteriu m has a waxy mycolic acid content.

droplets, usually takes more than 1 exposure.

pain, fatigue, Antibiotics isoniazid etc. Cell mediated immunity plays imp role in preventing active disease after infection. Primary response: Secondary response:

Hansen’s disease (LEPROSY)

Meningitis (Huge amount of pathogens causes meningitis) Different kinds of bacteria causes meningitis.

Meningococcemia Occurs in epidemics-closed population. Outbreaks in

Bacteriamycobacteriu m leprae

It can be viral, bacterial, fungal or protest infection.

(Gram negative) Bacteria that causes meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis (Gram negative) BacteriaNeisseria meningitidis

Antibiotic

antibiotic resistant strains. Type 4 hypersensitivity causes delayed redness. Having active positive TB test doesn’t mean you have active TB it just means you were exposed but never developed into TB because your immune system dealt with it or it also means u have TB in past and recovered (memory). Very rare. Because of waxy mycolic acid mycobacterium looks like bubbling waxy looking colonies. Inflammation of the meninges (lining up around the central nervous system). When tested- if spinal fluid is cloudy it is clue that pt. has meningitis.

Severe Antibiotics headache. Vaccine Hard time moving head and neck bcz of inflammation . Some pt. vomiting. Clues about this bacteria: Gram negative, Nonsporulating (does not produce endospores), obligately aerobic (requires o2), oxidase- positive (chemical test that indicates that something is obligately aerobic), encapsulated (has capsule) diplococcus (2 circle next to each other).

Transmitted via airborne routes

Causes tissue death since cloth will stop blood flow which results

Antibiotics vaccine

In certain situation this bacteria can get into blood which causes more dangerous disease called

college, high in no oxygen. meningococcemia. school settings. Severe situation Staphylococcus aureus infections: This is a bacteria which is Nonsporulating (doesn’t form spores), halotolerance (adapted in living in high salt environment), gram positive coccus which divides into several planes to form irregular clumps. They live on skin. This bacteria causes diseases like acne, Boils (has lot of pus which means lot of WBC in boils), pimples, impetigo (inflammation of skin), pneumonia, osteomyelitis, carditis, meningitis, and arthritis (due to immune response). Many diseases result from pyogenic infection or from the actions of staphylococcal superantigen exotoxins. Transmitted: aerosol also via skin to skin, Respiratory tract route. Helicobacter pylori and gastric ulcers: big debate if it is bad or good for you. This is bacteria gram negative, highly motile (have flagella), spiral shaped bacterium. Associated with stomach can cause gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancers. Colonizes the nonacid-secreting mucosa (Grow into mucosa) area of the stomach and hurt the pH. Transmitted via person to person contact, FECAL ORAL ROUTE or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Improper hygiene can cause this bacteria to spread, person not washing hands after bathroom and then cooking food can spread these bacteria. Localized tissue destruction is triggered by an autoimmune response to the H. pylori lipopolysaccharide. Sexually transmitted infections aka STDs: caused by variety of bacteria, viruses, protists, and even fungi. Gonorrhea FEMALES: Untreated Asymptomatic (signs are Bacteria Antibiotics but Sexually gonorrhea can lead now finding not clear) in women but in Neisseria to pelvic transmitted male it is visible. antibiotics gonorrhoeae inflammatory resistance. disease. Can cause Mild vaginitis that often goes unnoticed. FEMALES problems with pregnancy. MALES: painful infection of the urethral canal. Syphilis

Bacteria- Treponema pallidum. (Spiral shape)

Obvious signs Antibiotics highly effective for and symptoms primary and secondary stages.

This bacteria can be transmitted from an infected woman to the fetus during pregnancy. Baby will have the pathogens which can lead to still born syndrome. (CONGENITAL SYPHILIS) Chlamydia Leading cause of blindness in some part of world.

in males and females. Can die from syphilis if not treated properly.

Bacteria- chlamydia trachomatis. Obligate intracellular colonizer (Has to live inside body cells cannot survive outside of body cells.)

3 stages: primary (chancre, painless sore), secondary (rash around mouth, anus, genitals, severe pneumonia, etc.), and tertiary. 3rd stage can be deadly.

Usually no symptoms in males or females. Painful urination. Loss of fertility in women. For males it can cause inflammation of prostates causes’ trouble in urination. Prostates problems in older males is common but in young male it is a clue that it can be chlamydia.

Antibiotic s

Viruses : harder to treat. Drink lot of water, rest and wait for immune system to deal with it on its own. Very few antiviral disease. MOST prevalent human infections. Some vaccination present for the ones that are very severe and which causes greater damage. Measles aka Virus Transmitted Rash Vaccine – Very common via aerosol high fever vaccine required childhood illness. (rubeola or 7-day measles) route (nose very by school. School age children. and throat). contagious Highly infectious. Epidemic

Rubella aka (German measles or 3 day measles)

Virus This is the type of virus that crosses

Respiratory routes Aerosol route. Respiratory

Rash but other symptoms are much milder compared to

Immunization is necessary to keep the herd immunity high so that way the pregnant

Areas where vaccine is not available this disease is still

Mumps

placenta and can damage fetus.

routes.

Virus

Transmitted by airborne droplets. Respiratory routes.

Chicken pox (varicella) Pt. must have had chicken pox in order to have shingles. Cold

Common Cold

Influenza (Influenza A most imp human pathogen)

women don’t have to be common and the one causes death. worried. Vaccination is mentioned imp to protect the above. unborn child. Less contagious Highly infectious Inflammati (measles, mumps, Difficult to on of the rubella) salivary swallow. MMR Vaccine, booster Painful shoots. glands. Fever (rare) Imp Inflammation of childhood testis in males disease. (rare)

Common Vaccine Caused by varicella zoster virus Transmitted via Rash Highly Vaccine available childhood aerosol route. (VZV) herpesvirus. disease. contagi for shingles. Herpesvirus always go to the Stress can also ous period of latency. Respiratory cause shingles in routes VZV establishes a lifelong latent infection in nerve cells. young people. This virus later emerges and causes shingles. It’s better to stay When you are young Virus Transmitted Symptoms home and rest via airborne milder than you have more chance because less droplets. respiratory of getting cold because people you diseases. you don’t have enough Rhinitis, nasal meet better it is immunity. obstruction, because virus is watery nasal kind a stuck with discharges, you so it is and malaise. easier to clear out. Fever (rare) Caused by rhinoviruses. 15% of colds are due to coronaviruses. 10% of colds are due to other viruses. Different types of viruses will cause common cold. FEVER is NOT symptoms. Vaccination every year Spike protein very imp Transmitted Sympto RNA based is recommended. in helping to attach ms: can virus that has Flu shots. 8 Segmented virus to host. be Lower Tamiflu: antiviral which Pt. with asthma or similar virus, envelope respiratory interfere with the spike respiratory problems and to those system. proteins and helps virus should get flu shot of cold nucleocapsid. release from the host. every year, in order to but Tamiflu only given avoid pneumonia. more

severe. Hepatitis Viruses (Inflammation of liver)

Viru Transmitted s

Hepatitis A virus (infectious hepatitis) Mild, Acute Hepatitis B virus (serum hepatitis) Acute, Chronic, oncogenic. Severe disease that can lead to liver failure and death. Hepatitis D virus (Defective virus) Cannot replicate or express a complete virus unless infected with hepatitis B. Fulminant (severe and sudden onset) Hepatitis C virus (Mild but can get chronic.)

Virus

Virus

Transmitted: blood borne Occurs when sterile needles not used.

Hepatitis E virus Acute

Virus

Transmitted: Fecal oral transmission.

Herpes simplex 1 virus (HSV-1) (Aka cold sore or fever blisters)

Virus

Virus

Viru s

when identified in early days like day 1.

Symptoms: liver inflammation for all strains of hepatitis viruses.

Transmitted: Fecal oral transmission, blood borne (rare), urine (rare) Transmitted: blood borne or sexual

No vaccine. If you have vaccine for hepatitis B than you are automatically protected against hepatitis D because they go along. Can be severe so needs to be vaccinated.

Spread via direct contact or through saliva.

Hepatitis can be caused by either bacteria or virus. In this case we will be looking at virus. All hepatitis strains are distinct viruses but the end result is same: liver inflammation and severe cases can cause liver cancer. Vaccine. Improper hand Usually resolves washing. on its own. Primary route is contamination. If it gets too severe Vaccine is the then it will require best route to antiviral. protect.

On its own hepatitis cannot do anything but when combined with hepatitis B strain it can cause severe damage. Usually this will cause liver cancer.

No vaccine Usually resolves on its own and if not antiviral is given to pt. No vaccine

Causes cold sores (fever blisters). Sores on face. Can reduce immune

Heal on its own usually. ABRIVA- drug s given.

Virus goes to chronic stage where virus is being replicated and released but in small amount. Causes an acute, selflimiting hepatitis that varies in severity. Infects the epithelial cells around the mouth and lips. All herpes virus goes through latencies.

Herpes simplex 2 (HSV-2) Usually genital

Virus

Transmitted via sexual contact easily transmitted when active blisters are present.

system. MALE: Causes painful blisters on penis and cervix

If a pregnant women Genital herpes was having herpes are currently then there is a chances incurable very that she can pass it on few drugs are to her baby. controlling the FEMALE: infectious painful blsters blisters stage. on vagina or When lot of vulva. outbreak there are RX antiviral which is given to pt. which helps reduce the infection. Can cause cervical HPV vaccine. Virus More Human neoplasia, and some asymptomatic Need to go papillomavirus can progress into in MALE then through this female. But it vaccines before severe cervical cancer. Warts associated with humans. Warts are grown on one is sexually could be Genital warts. skin. asymptomatic active. Series of 3 in both. shoots. People with HIV will suffer from pneumonia which is caused by Opportunistic HIV/AID S protist pneumocystis jiroveci. (This is very rare pathogen to causes infections are common pneumonia in person with healthy immune system, presence of this in AIDS pt. they are VIRUS indicates that person might have HIV) pneumocystis jiroveci is called more likely to get sick indicator pathogen. since their immune A frequent nonmicrobial disease in AIDS pt is kaposi’s sarcoma an system is not responding as well as a atypical cancer. Present itself in abdomen area and slowly grow all normal person. over the body. Most frequent in pt. with HIV. This can cause an overgrowth of blood vessels. HIV RNA based virus so Early on does not have w/o any drugs HIV1 Hiv 1-more virulent Pandemic more chances of symptoms. pt. will die in couple type. mutation. Can use antiviral years where as w/o Hiv 2- is less virulen and causes a milde Deficiency in treatments. drugs HIV 2 pt. will AIDS like disease. immune No effective vaccine for very slowly die. system HIV. HIV infection can be because of diagnosed with an HIV. Treatment - ppt HIV-EIA, rapid tests, HIV- immunoblot. RT-PCR can detect HIV RNA virus in blood this is useful

for early detection and monitoring the progression of infection.

Chapter 30 Usually animals are reservoir and humans don’t have herd immunity. Disease/ Transmission virus Rabies Reservoirs like; virus foxes, coyotes, raccoons, skunks, bats

Name of a virus Rhabdovirus virus

Sign and Treatment/prevention Other Symptoms Travel through Virus proliferates Vaccine also provides nervous system active immunization. in the brain and leads to Fever, Diagnosed using tissue to blood. Sick animal that excitation, samples. was found to Pt. can be passively dilation of the pupils, excessive immunized with rabies have negri immune globulin. salivation, bodies in their anxiety and fear nervous system of swallowing. then pt. will be treated with passive and active immunization against rabies. Transmitted through In humans 9 months Infects wound or bite. may pass before onset central of symptoms. nervous system.

Hantaviruses Reservoirs RODENTS: mice, rats, Virus voles and lemmings. Zoonotic Strains that Rodent excreta causes hemorrhagic Rare- dropping- precautions – cleaning fever like ebola and lassa virus. West Nile Transmitted by Not noticeable sign cutex mosquito and symptoms virus virus bites. because virus does

No vaccine Infections are handled w/ BSL-4 safety precautions.

Cause several severe diseases; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) – no vaccine no antiviral. Mimics flu. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Humans and other animals are dead-end hosts.

Too much rain is bad for cutex.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

not replicate easily.

Transmitted form the dropping (URINE) of the rodents and not the actual rodents. Transmitted by inhalation of virus-contaminated rodent excreta.

Seasonally. Most common in SUMMER. Common in elderly. Birds are reservoirs.

Mimics flu but not caused by influenza but what was unusual was pt. died in couple days.

No vaccine No antiviral

Characterized by a sudden onset of fever, myalgia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and pulmonary capillary leakage. Closely related to human mitochondria. Contain minimal sets a genes required for intracellular dependency.

Rickettsias , salmonella and chlomedya are prokaryotic bacteria which cannot survive outside of body. Aka obligate intracellular Not contagious.

Rickettsias BACTERIA

Associated with bloodsucking arthropods.

Rickettsia prowazekii obligate Intracellular

Fleas, mosquitoes, are vectors.

Rickettsia Rickettsii (rocky mountain spotted fever) BACTERIA Lyme disease BACTERIA Caused by spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. Zoonotic

Transmitted by dog and wood ticks. Wood ticks are big and easy to notice.

Headache, fever and rash.

Transmitted by deer ticks and these ticks are very small and very hard to notice. Long term problem includes arthritis (joint pain), neurological damage or heart damage.

Headache, Initial stage can be backache, treated with Antibiotic chills, and fatigue. Large rash NO vaccine for people. occurs at the site of the tick bite in 75% cases.

Mosquito repellent. Cover body, etc. Use antibiotics

Not contagious. Mouse, deer are primary reservoir, humans are accident reservoirs.

Plague BACTERIA Caused by Yersinia pestis a gram negative, faculatively aerobic, rod shaped bacterium. Pandemic (killed lot of people) Pandemic- lots of humans died.

Fleas are intermediate hosts and vectors that spread plague btw. Mammalian hosts. Rodents are reservoirs. But spreading form rodent to rodent or rodent to humans it can be spread by FLEAS (intermediate). Treated Natural reservoir is SOIL, MUDS. with antibiotics. Farm animals are primarily affected. People with high risk can be treated with vaccine.

Antibiotic

Anthrax B...