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Running head: SERVANT LEADERSHIP: SHINTOISM AND RUSSIAN CULTURE

Servant Leadership: Shintoism and Russian Culture Grand Canyon University: MGT 410 May 24, 2020

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SERVANT LEADERSHIP: SHINTOISM AND RUSSIAN CULTURE

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Servant Leadership: Shintoism and Russian Culture Shintoism is highly recognized in the Japanese culture as a religion where they highly value the importance of finding a purpose in life. Russian Culture holds a very distinct idea of serving others and separating characteristics in being authoritative in the community. Through Servant Leadership, people are able to emphasize the character of a true leader where they serve other with the act of healing and compassionate. Each of these concepts holds a very distinct knowledge and perception on leading others towards the good and it is important to investigate the similarities and differences among them. By looking into each correlation between these elements, people are able to understand the idea of servant leadership into both religion and culture. Servant Leadership in Shintoism To be known as home country to many religious, Japan has institutionalized a religion known as Shintoism that holds the nature worship of personal cleanliness and sense of communal guilt. With these natures of worship, nature and God are viewed as one, they consider nature as a way of healing and enhancing the personal cleanliness of their belief. It is common to look at mountains and body of water as God, but old folks also believed that people can be worshipped as well. Servant leadership plays a role in Shintoism by “...such practices can serve to symbolically unite different parts of country” (Zentner, 2015, p.22). This religion serves other by re-establishing awareness to God’s creation, the idea of global environmental awareness is highly emphasized in this religion. When a member of the belief has done something unforgiven to the Gods, the whole community brings out the communal guilt since it holds such a high level of loyalty and gratitude being a part of this belief. They have a followed set of rules that they must adhere and with such strict social etiquette, they are able to reinforce their nurturing culture to

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serve others. Kelley (2008) acknowledged the Japan’s social system that highly contributed to the foundation of Shintoism including empathy and patience when introducing this belief to others. By prioritizing the overall goal to serve others through worshipping nature and bringing awareness to the importance of global environments, servant leadership plays an essential role in this belief. Servant Leadership in Russian Culture With such long and rich cultural history, Russian culture evolves around the depth of literature, art, and religious symbols. In Russia, leaders are always heard and recognized with the goal of optimizing the result of a strategy. The use of servant leadership is minimized in the authority and command since the overall government implement the idea of high-power distance and uncertainty avoidance. By utilizing the six dimensions to identify Hofstede’s cultural dimension; Doctor Frederica (2018) asserts how Russia scored 91 which leads to an acknowledgement of power that is distributed unequally. With a comparative framework, servant leadership are utilized in Russia in the context of contributing to the success of the overall society. Their involvement in their history also plays an essential role in the servant leadership recognition, eastern orthodoxy and Christianization has molded the mindset of many leaders to involve themselves in serving others. Grachev and Bobina (2006) identifies their role in serving others by stating, “leaders follow their own customs to encourage, motivate, and enable others to contribute to the success of the organizations of which they are members”. With this mindset, they are able to prioritize the society and involve a universal leadership attributes that involves transitional society and diverse society.

SERVANT LEADERSHIP: SHINTOISM AND RUSSIAN CULTURE Similarities: Russian Culture and Servant Leadership Both the Russian Culture and Servant Leadership concepts recognizes the idea of bringing awareness to society. Many countries look into the major influence that Russian has established on how they are being perceived to the world. With the evolution of knowledge and research, both concepts hold a very similar responds with the society. The act of healing and compassion for others are shown in both concepts to serve society and making sure that people are experiencing growth in the terms of authoritarian and servant leadership. Through the act of servant leadership and Russian culture, the members or followers does not really expect an ending goal of recognition and this also allows the increase in trust with the leader of the organization. Differences: Russian Culture and Servant Leadership The difference between Russian culture and Servant Leadership involves the lack of empathy and the absence of morality in the control and authority of people in Russia. With Servant Leadership, the overall goal emphasizes the act of serving others without discrimination and involves the act of caring and empathy. The Russian Culture looks more into the profit and prioritize an authority recognition from people. Another difference that involves both concepts is how Russia holds a culture of envy, “with a culture of envy, this element of the Russian character, encouraged by Communist indoctrination regarding social egalitarianism” (Levene & Higgs, 2018, p.71). The act of envy is never recognized in the context of servant leadership, it allows an individual to not use the act of healing and stewardship into serving others. With such high characteristics in the act of serving others, Russian culture are able to acknowledge the importance of emphasizing care into their role of leadership in the community.

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Similarities: Shintoism and Servant Leadership The characteristic of stewardship, empathy, and awareness are both recognized in Shintoismism and Servant Leadership. The act of taking care of something or someone else is highly recognized in the Japanese traditions and Shintoismism. Many folks who believe in Shintoismism will visit villages and emphasize the understanding of God and one’s purpose in life is. With the idea that focuses on helping people finding their purpose and looks into the personal growth of someone, the similarities between Shintoism and Servant Leadership are defined. Differences: Shintoism and Servant Leadership Many Servant leaders make use of the Bible to guide them into establishing the foundation in the Word of God into their activities. With Shintoism, the people who hold this belief does not have a holy text that can guide them with clarity. Instead, they acknowledge model texts such as; Nihon Shoki and Kojiki as a book from their ancestors about their belief and nature to guide them. There are many arguments underlining the origin of Shintoism, an author of the book that investigates the history of Shintoism recognizes how “the existence of ceremonial harvest rites, domestic animals, and art of weaving from the passage of Kojiki” (Picken, 1994). The idea of establishing a relationship with the domestic nature that God created without having a clear idea of the founder. With no clear founder of Shintoism, there is a major difference with how the Servant Leadership and other religions has evolved through the years. There is also a recognition of contrasts in the different act to connect with people, servant leaders would conduct seminars and organizations that emphasize the overall goal but in Shintoism, there is certain rituals that will be conducted to connect with others. With these differences, there are interpretation of how both concepts can clash.

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Through the involvement of servant leadership globally, there are many ideas evolving the community as to looking into the diverse contexts between cultures and religions. Each element has an important role in making a community recognize the impact and goal of sources. By evaluating the element to emphasize the use of servant leadership in both cultural and religion values, readers are able to better understand concepts of these ideas. With the values that are evidently being acted out by each element, there will be mutual understanding of religions and cultures.

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References Doctor, Frederica, "An Analysis of Servant Leadership in Russian-American Nongovernmental Organization Partnerships" (2018). Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies. 5851. Grachev, M. & Bobina, M. (2006). Russian organizational leadership: Lessons from the GLOBE study. International Journal of Leadership Studies. 1. 67-79. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5851 Jane E. Kelley (2008) Harmony, Empathy, Loyalty, and Patience in Japanese Children's Literature, The Social Studies, 99:2, 61-70, DOI: 10.3200/TSSS.99.2.61-70.

Levene, F., & Higgs, M. (2018). Leadership and change implementation in a Russian context. Journal of General Management, 44(1), 5-16. doi:10.1177/0306307018780406

Picken, S. D. (1994). Essentials of Shintoism: An analytical guide to principal teachings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Zentner, A. (2015). Servant Leadership and Religious Values: Drawing Speculation to Commonalities Between Servant Leadership Characteristics and Faith-Based Values, Coastline Community College. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280743057_Servant_Leadership_and_Religious _Values_Drawing_speculation_to_commonalities_between_servant_leadership_character istics_and_faith-based_values...