Dr. Harpreet physiology Practice Quiz for Exam 6-1 PDF

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This is the answers for Dr. Harpreet Singhs physiology course. This is quiz number 6 general features of the nervous system...

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Practice Quiz General features of nervous system Synapses and neurotransmitters 1. Which neuron type has dendrites, cell body, and a single axon with axon collaterals? a. Pseudounipolar b. Bipolar c. Multipolar d. Pseudobipolar

2. The receptor type together with the target organ type present on the post-synaptic neuron determines the response elicited by binding of a specific neurotransmitter. True or false? 3. Which neuron type is a primary sensory neuron with peripheral and central branches and a cell body in the dorsal root ganglia of the spine? a. Pseudounipolar b. Bipolar c. Classic d. Pseudobipolar 4. Which neuron type is a primary sense neuron present in most of the special sensory pathways and all except for olfactory have axons contacting a “sense organ?” a. Pseudounipolar b. Bipolar c. Multipolar d. Pseudobipolar 5. For the trunk and limbs, where is the first sensory cell body located for a peripheral sensory nerve transmitting to the CNS? a. Dorsal root ganglia b. Brainstem c. Ventral root ganglia d. Central root (DRG is located below the head only)

6. Once a higher brain center processes sensory information, if a response is generated, it will come from motor nuclei in either the brainstem or the: a. Cerebral cortex b. Cerebellum

7. Neurons located in motor nuclei are called: a. Lower motor neurons b. Somatic motor neurons c. Upper motor neurons 8. Which neurons convey the UMN signal to the periphery (skeletal muscle)? a. Interneurons b. Lower motor neurons c. Upper motor neurons 9. Somatic LMN are located in the: a. Dorsal horn of spinal cord white matter b. Dorsal horn of spinal cord gray matter c. Ventral horn of spinal cord white matter d. Ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter 10. Unlike the somatic nervous system, the autonomic motor system is a 2-neuron system with a pre-ganglionic neuron in the spinal cord or brainstem and a post-ganglionic neuron in a peripheral ganglion. True or false? 11. A local reflex arc in either the autonomic or somatic nervous system requires brain integration for a response. True or false? 12. Which area of the gray matter in the spinal cord contains 2nd order sensory neurons? a. Dorsal horn b. Ventral horn c. Intermediolateral horn d. Central horn 13. Where are UMN nuclei located? a. Cerebellum b. Brainstem c. Spinal cord

14. Which area helps to select and orchestrate more complex motor tasks? a. Cerebellum b. Thalamus/hypothalamus c. Basal nuclei d. Midbrain

15. In which type of synapse will a neurotransmitter be released by a pre-synaptic neuron? a. Electrical synapse b. Chemical synapse c. Gap junction 16. A metabotropic receptor is coupled with a protein that may either directly affect an ion channel OR activate a second messenger. True or false? 17. After a neurotransmitter binds a post-synaptic cell, it can affect ion channels in different ways (open, close or no effect). If the ion channel opens, it depends on the ion as to what/if there is an effect on membrane potential. What will K+ ion efflux or Cl- ion influx cause to happen in the post-synaptic cell? a. Hyperpolarization b. Depolarization c. No effect 18. Activation of a G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) may ultimately promote second messenger synthesis of cAMP or IP3. What will IP3 cause to occur in the cell? a. Activate protein kinase C b. Activate protein kinase A c. Directly increase protein phosphorylation d. Increase intracellular Ca 19. Which of the following is an ionotropic receptor? a. Adrenergic receptors b. AMPA receptor c. Dopamine receptor d. GABAB receptor

20. What is a downstream result of norepinephrine (NE) binding to an alpha-1 receptor on arteriole smooth muscle? a. Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca channels b. Ca pumped from intracellular fluid into the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca into intracellular fluid d. Inhibits Ca channels in sarcolemma membrane 21. If the GABAB receptor is stimulated, what is the result? a. Closing of potassium channels b. Opening of potassium channels

22. Anticholinesterases inhibit Ach degradation and can be used to alleviate muscle weakness in this condition: a. Muscular dystrophy b. Multiple sclerosis c. Myasthenia gravis 23. The input from one pre-synaptic neuron on a post-synaptic neuron is usually sufficient to cause an action potential. True or false? 24. A pre-synaptic neuron that depolarizes a post-synaptic neuron causes what type of potential? a. Inhibitory post-synaptic potential b. Excitatory post-synaptic potential 25. Intermittent, repeated stimulation will cause short-term potentiation. True or false? 26. What neurotransmitter will stimulate both N1 and N2 nicotinic receptors? a. Glutamate b. Histamine c. Dopamine d. Acetylcholine 27. The main neurotransmitter released from the adrenal medulla is norepinephrine. True or false?

28. Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from tryptophan and is excitatory at GPCR receptors? a. Dopamine b. Glutamate c. Glycine d. Serotonin 29. The NMDA receptor subtype for this neurotransmitter is involved in long-term potentiation: a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Serotonin d. Glycine

30. This neurotransmitter is a major inhibitory transmitter in the brain with ionotropic and metabotropic receptor subtypes that gate Cl- and K+ channels, respectively: a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Glycine d. Serotonin 31. What amino acid is a precursor for nitric oxide? a. Tryptophan b. Arginine c. Aspartate d. Glutamate 32. This type of neurotransmitter may be co-secreted along with another neurotransmitter: a. Biogenic amines b. Amino acids c. Neuropeptides 33. What causes a voltage-gated ion channel to open? a. Change in membrane potential b. Binding of a neurotransmitter c. Second messenger 34. In the somatosensory system, the 1st order neuron is this type for both the GSA and GP systems: a. Bipolar b. Unipolar c. Multipolar d. Pseudounipolar 35. For noxious thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli utilizing the spinothalamic tract, 3rd order ventral horn neurons send axons into right and left tracts. True or false? 36. Some peripheral noxious GSA fibers synapse on these neurons that ultimately project to alpha motoneurons in the ventral horn: a. 1st order sensory neurons b. 2nd order sensory neurons c. 3rd order sensory neurons d. 4th order sensory neurons 37. Which cranial nerve receives GSA signals from the head and facial structures?

a. b. c. d.

Cranial nerve IV Cranial nerve V Cranial nerve VII Cranial nerve X

38. Some sensory neurons send fibers to this area to complete local reflex arcs for facial sensation: a. Motor nuclei in the brainstem b. Contralateral thalamus c. Cerebral cortex 39. In the General Proprioceptive System, most proprioceptors are located in Golgi Tendon Organs. True or false?

40. In the Unconscious Proprioceptive System, information regarding limb and trunk position is sent to this location: a. Cerebellum b. Cerebral cortex c. Medulla d. Pons 41. Unconscious proprioceptive information traveling from the pelvic limbs passes through 2nd order neurons located where? a. Ventral horn b. Lateral horn c. Dorsal horn

42. In the Conscious Proprioceptive System, 2nd order sensory neurons are not located in the dorsal horn, but rather in the caudal medulla. True or false? 43. If an animal has Unconscious Proprioceptive dysfunction, there will be an absent or delayed correction of a knuckled paw. True or false? 44. Lower motor neurons (LMNs) for the somatic motor system are this type: a. Pseudounipolar b. Multipolar c. Bipolar d. Unipolar 45. Which type of LMN innervates extrafusal muscle fibers? a. Alpha-motoneuron

b. Gamma-motoneuron c. Beta-motoneuron 46. Which type of LMN sets the sensitivity of the muscle spindle? a. Alpha-motoneuron b. Gamma-motoneuron c. Beta-motoneuron

47. The pseudounipolar neuron is the primary afferent sensory neuron and its receptor end is the end of the distal axon. True or false? 48. Mechanoreceptors are linked to ion channels. What results when a stimulus opens ion channels in the membrane? a. Action potential b. Synapse potential c. Receptor potential 49. In sensory encoding, a higher stimulus intensity may cause: a. No change in the type of sensory receptor stimulated b. A decrease in firing rate of the sensory neuron c. An increase in the number of sensory neurons activated 50. Phasic receptors use “on-off” firing to detect brief and rapidly changing stimuli like vibrations. True or false? 51. Which receptor slowly adapts to prolonged stimuli and continue to fire action potentials during the entire stimulus? a. Meissner’s corpuscles b. Pacinian corpuscles c. Merkel’s receptors 52. Polymodal nociceptors respond to very high intensity mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli. These receptors are at the end of: a. Unmyelinated C-fibers b. Finely myelinated A-delta fibers c. Thickly myelinated A fibers 53. Proprioceptors that help to detect changes in muscle stretch/length are called: a. Golgi tendon organs b. Muscle spindles c. Joint receptors

54. Group IA sensory endings in the muscle spindle are slowly adapting and respond to constant muscle length. True or false? 55. In LMN disease, the motor arm of the system is defective and muscle atrophy will occur. True or false?...