Dutch-Turkish - Comparison of the culture of peoples at work PDF

Title Dutch-Turkish - Comparison of the culture of peoples at work
Author Rslan Rihan رسلان ريحان : أخبار وقوانين
Course Operations Research
Institution Istanbul Üniversitesi
Pages 20
File Size 863.5 KB
File Type PDF
Total Downloads 63
Total Views 153

Summary

Comparison of the culture of peoples at work...


Description

This guide to Dutch business culture explains the Dutch workplace environment, hierarchy, meetings, negotiations, time perception and typical business culture in the Netherlands. chCVandf oundaj obi nt heNet her l ands,t he Oncey ou’ v esucces sf ul l ywr i t t enaDut nextst epi st oadapty ourwor ki ngst yl et oDut chbusi nesscul t ur e.Under st andi ngt he bus i nesscul t ur al di ffer encesi nt heDut c hwor kpl acei sneces sar yt os ucceedi ny our car eeri nt heNet her l ands .Lear ni ngDut chbusi nes scul t ur ewi l l easey ourpr of ess i onal i nt egr at i onandabi l i t yt owor kwi t handmot i v at ey ourcol l eagues,whi chi spar t i cul ar l y i mpor t antf ormanager i alr ol es. Thesef ol l owi ngt i psonbusi nesscul t ur ei nt heNet her l andswi l lhel py ouunder st and t hesoci alr ul esatpl ayi ny ourDut chwor kpace:        

Hi er ar chyi nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e Dut chbusi nessst r at egy,pl anni nganddeci si onmaki ng Meet i ngsandnegot i at i onsi nt heNet her l ands Per cept i onoft i mei nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e Dut chbusi nesscul t ur egr eet i ngs Dr esscodei nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e Theuseofbusi nesscar ds Busi nessdi nner si nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e

Hierarchy in Dutch business culture Thehi er ar chyi nDut chbusi nesscul t ur ei sgener al l ynotv er yr i gor ousbuti nst ead r el at i v el yflexi bl e.Peopl ewi l leasi l yi gnor eaut hor i t ywhent heydeem i tnecess ar y .The egal i t ar i ani s m andopennesschar act er i s i ngDut chsoc i et yi sr eflect edi nt hehor i z ont al st r uct ur eofDut chbus i nesscul t ur eseeni nmanyDut chcompani es,wher ebot ht he managi ngdi r ect orandt heempl oy eesar eal lconsi der edcowor k er s .Ex ecut i v esdonot usual l ydi spl ayt hei rpower–t hebossi spar toft hegr oup.However ,t hi sdoesnotmean t hathe/ shedoesnothav eanyaut hor i t ywi t hi nt hebusi ness( orbedr i j f :busi nessi n Dut ch) .I ti sal socommonf orDut chempl oy eest ot ak ei ni t i at i v eandr es ponsi bi l i t ywhi l e wor k i ngi ndependent l y .

Dut chpeopl euseani nf or maly etdi r ectmannerofcommuni cat i oni nDut chbusi ness cul t ur e,al t houghaf ewst r i ctf or mal i t i esar ek ept .Fori nst ancewhent her ei sanot abl e di ffer encei nageori nr ank,peopl ewi l luset hef or mal‘ u‘and‘ meneer ‘( s i r )and ‘ mevr ouw‘ ( madam) .Thet ypi calDut chcommuni cat i onst yl eamongcol l eaguesi st he i nf or mal‘ j e‘andfir s tnames.

Dutch business strategy and planning Dut chcompani esar ecaut i ousandpr agmat i caboutt hei rs t r at egy ,andDut chbusi ness cul t ur eusual l yi nv ol v esst epby st eppl anni ng.Thes t r at egi cdi r ect i onofacompanyi s communi cat edt oar el at i v el yl owl ev eli nt heor gani sat i on. I nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e,manager sar enotconsi der edomni sci ent .Rat hert he managerwi l l knowt hegener alst r at egi cout l i nes ,andhavespeci al i s edempl oy eest o t ak ecar eoft hedet ai l s .Dut chempl oy eeswi l lt her ef or enotexpecthi m/ hert obeso muchofanexper t ,butr at herapr obl em sol v erorf aci l i t at or .Al otofemphasi si sputon br i ngi ngmul t i pl especi al i s t st oget heri nagr oup,t her ebyi mpr ov i ngt hedi v er si t yand exper t i s eofagr oup.

Business decisions Mostdeci si ons ,i npol i t i cs,i nDut chbusi nesscul t ur eandeveni nsoci all i f e,hav et obe madeont hegr oundsofconsensus.TheDut chegal i t ar i ani sm i sdi s pl ay edi nt hef act t hatsuggest i onsf r om al lwor k er sar ewel come.Subs equent l y ,t hepr ocessofr eac hi nga dec i si oni st i meconsumi ng.Howev er ,oncedeci si onsar emade,i mpl ement at i oni sf ast andeffici ent .

Meetings in the Netherlands TheDut ch–i nl i newi t ht hei rl ongi ngf orconsensus–ar ef ondofmeet i ngs.Meet i ngs ar eusual l yi nf or mal ,al t hought heyar egener al l yhel donfix edt i mesandpr ot ocol sand agendasar epar tofi t .Themai nai m ofameet i ngi st odi scussv ar i ousopt i ons,r each consensusandt ak edeci si ons,i nl i newi t hv al uesofDut chbusi nesscul t ur e. Al lmember sofameet i ngar eexpect edt omak eacont r i but i on,r egar dl esst hei rposi t i on i nt hecompany .Ther ef or e,i ti sadvi sabl et opr epar ey our s el fwel l ,nomat t eratwhi ch l ev eloft hecompanyy ouar e.For ei gner sof t enper cei v eDut chmeet i ngsasi neffect i v e, y ett heyar eseenasani nst r umentt omak esur et hatev er ybodyi shear d.

Negotiations in Dutch business culture

TheDut cht endt ogetr i ghtdownt obusi nessandnegot i at i onspr oceedatar api dpace. Theyar eknownt obef or cef ul ,s t ubbor nandt oughnegot i at or s,whi l ehonest yand r el i abi l i t yar eper cei v edasv i t al l yi mpor t anti nbusi nesscul t ur ei nt heNet her l ands.

Time perception in Dutch business culture ‘ Ti mei smoney’i sacat chphr aset hatwor ksi nbusi nesscul t ur ei nt heNet her l ands.At meet i ngst heDut chpr ef ert ogetr i ghtdownt obus i nessasmostsmal lt al ki sconsi der ed awast eoft i me.Dut c hpeopl et endt ok eepappoi nt ment sandar eusual l yont i me.

Keeping appointments r uct ur edagendasi nsoci all i f eandi nDut ch Peopl ei nt heNet her l andshav est bus i nesscul t ur e.Mi s si nganappoi nt mentorbei ngl at eatameet i ngi snotonl y exper i encedasannoyi ng,butal s oasunr el i abl e.Duet ot hecr owdeds i t uat i onont he r oadsafiv et omaxi mum 10mi nut eflexi bi l i t yi sal l owedbutnott ak enf orgr ant ed.

Dutch business greetings

I nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e,i t ’ st ypi cal t oshak ehandswi t hever ybodypr esentandsay y ourfir standl astname.Dur i ngaconv er s at i on,t heDut chexpectr at heri nt ensi v eey e cont act .Looki ngsomebodyst r ai ghti nt ot heey esi si nt er pr et edast r ust wor t hy . TheDut chki sseachot hert hr eet i mesont hecheeks( r i ght ,l ef t ,r i ght ) ,butt hi si sonl y donewhenpeopl eknoweachot herwel l .

Business dress code

I nt heNet her l ands,dr esscodescanbeamaz i ngl yi nf or mal i nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e.A t r adi t i onalsui tandt i ei sr equi r edonl yi nhi gherci r cl esofbus i nessorwhenwor ki ngf or t hegov er nment .I ngener al ,busi nesss ui t sar ewor nbypeopl ei nmanagement pos i t i ons ,atmeet i ngsandats peci aloccasi ons.I nt hesummer ,j eans,bl ousesandt shi r t sandev ent r ai ner sar enotuncommoni nt heNet her l ands ’ wor kcul t ur e.

Use of business cards Car dsar eusual l yex changedaf t erorneart heendofaconv er sat i oni nt heNet her l ands ’ wor kcul t ur e.Busi nesscar dsusual l ycont ai ns omebody’ sf unct i onandacademi ct i t l e.

SomeDut chcar dsal soi ncl udepeopl es ’pr i v at eaddr essandt el ephonenumber .Thi si s , however ,notani nv i t at i ont ophonet hem af t erofficehour s.

Business wining and dining Lunchi sseenasanecessi t y ,notasoci aleventi nDut chbusi nessc ul t ur e.Ther ef or e mostempl oy eeseatasandwi chbehi ndt hei rcomput er ,orbr i ngsandwi chesev eni nt oa meet i ng.Busi nessl unchesar enotuncommon,butnotv er yf r equenti nDut chbusi ness cul t ur e.Thet endencyt ogooutf orl unchoreatwi t hcol l eaguesi nameet i ngr oom, however ,i sgr owi ng. Taki ngbusi nesspar t ner soutf ordi nneri sseenasapr i v at eev ent ,consequent l yi tr ar el y happensi nDut chbusi nesscul t ur e.Dur i ngdi nnert her ewi l lbes omesmal l t al k,al t hough bus i nesswi l l bet hemai nt opi cofconv er sat i on.Goodt opi cst ot al kaboutout si deof bus i nessar ey ourhomecount r yorc i t y ,cul t ur alev ent sorspor t s.Fami l yandhobbi es al s opl ayani mpor t antr ol ei nDut c hs oci et y . …………………………………………………………………….

Though the countries share a border and a similar language, the business cultures in Germany and the Netherlands have some differences that may influence your decision of where to work. I ngener al ,Ger manyi sknownf orr i gi dl yf ol l owi ngpr ocedur esandadher i ngt ot her ul es i nt hewor kpl ace,whi l et heDut chhandl ebusi nesswi t hamor el ai dbackappr oach. I nt er nat i onalr ecr ui t mentagencyUndut chabl esexpl ai nst heot herdi ffer encesbet ween Dut chandGer manwor kcul t ur e,andwher et hei rchar act er i st i csov er l ap. Undutchables

Undut chabl esi sar ecr ui t mentagenc yf orexpat s.Oper at i ngacr osst heNet her l ands ( wi t hbr anchesi nAmst er dam,Rot t er dam,Ut r echt ,TheHagueandEi ndhov en) , Undut chabl eshel psever y onef r om fir st j obber st oexper i encedex ecut i v espr ogr esst hei r car eer swhenmovi ngt ot heNet her l ands.

Find a job with Undutchables

The Netherlands tops work-life balance Whi l ebot hGer manyandt heNet her l andsbot hr ankaboveaver agei nt er msofwor k l i f e bal ance,t heNet her l andsr ecent l yov er cameDenmar kt ol andi nt heNo.1spot , accor di ngt ot heOECDBet t erLi f eI ndex.Empl oy eesi nt heNet her l andsshoul dnot

expectt owor kv er yl onghour s— onl y0. 4per centdoso,accor di ngt ot hei ndex .For Ger many ,t hatfigur ej umpst o5per cent ,al l owi ngf orl essl ei sur et i mef ort hosewor ki ng i nt hecount r y .I faheal t hywor k l i f ebal ancei shi ghl yi mpor t ant ,t heNet her l andsi st he bet t erchoi ce. I nbot hcount r i es,howev er ,i t ’ snotent i r el ycommont or egul ar l ysoci al i sewi t h col l eaguesdur i ngt hatgener ousl ei sur et i me.Whi l et her ear et heoccasi onal t eambui l di ngact i v i t i esandgr oupdi nner s,Ger manandDut chempl oy eesgener al l yk eep t hei rpr i v at el i f epr i v at e. Adv er t i s ement

Hierarchy in the workplace in Germany I nGer manbusi nesscul t ur e,t her ei sgener al l yahi gherdegr eeofpr of essi onal i sm and f or mal i t yi nt hewor kpl acet hani nt heNet her l ands.Hi er ar chi esar ei npl ace,andt hose wi t hmor eaut hor i t yex pecti mmedi at er espect .Aj uni ormemberoft het eam woul dbe l essl i k el yt ogi v eanunsol i c i t edopi ni ont ot heCEO oft hecompanyi nGer manyt hani n t heNet her l ands.I nf act ,i nt heNet her l ands,compani esar emor el i k el yt oact ual l y encour agecol l abor at i onamongr anks.Thehi er ar chi calposi t i onsi nt heNet her l andsar e t her e,butempl oy eesar egener al l yt r eat edasequal s.

Wi t ht i t l esbei ngs or ev er edi nGer many ,i ti snotsur pr i si ngt hatt hecount r y’ sr esi dent s beatt heDut chbyasubst ant i almar gi ni nt er msofacademi cs :accor di ngt ot heOECD I ndex,87per centofGer manadul t sbet weent heagesof25and64havecompl et ed uppers econdar yeducat i oncompar edt o76per centofDut chadul t s. Adv er t i s ement

Perks of working in Germany vs. the Netherlands Ther ear ecer t ai nbenefit st hatdi fferdependi ngont hecount r y .Forex ampl e,par ent al sr est r i ct edt oj ustt wodaysofpai dl eav ef ort hepar t ner l eavei nt heNet her l andsi ( t houghi tcanbeex t endedt ofiv e) ,whi l eGer manyencour agesf at her st ot ak ea dpat er ni t yl eavet hankst oi t sr ecentr ef or msi nt he mi ni mum oft womont hsofpai count r y .Ger mansmak emor emoney ,t oo:t heav er agenet adj ust eddi sposabl ei ncome percapi t ai nGer many ,accor di ngt ot heOECDI ndex ,i sUSD31, 925,whi l et heDut ch ear nUSD27, 759. Ont heot herhand,Dut chempl oy er sar er equi r edt opay8per centhol i dayal l owancet o i t swor k er s ;i nGer many ,t her ei snosuchl aw,andhol i dayal l owancei sgi v enatt he

di s cr et i onoft heempl oy er .Fur t her mor e,wheny ou’ r esi cki nGer many ,y ou’ r er equi r edt o gi vey ourempl oy eranot ef r om y ourdoct ori fy oumi sswor k— i nt heNet her l ands,y our wor di senough.

Shared values in the Dutch and German workplace Bei ngsocl osei npr oxi mi t ymeanst hatt her ei ssomeov er l apbet weent heDut chand Ger manwor kcul t ur esdespi t et hest ar kdi ffer ences. Punctuality I nbot hGer manyandt heNet her l ands ,wheny oumak eanappoi nt ment ,t hatt i mei shel d sacr ed— y ouar eev enexpect edt oshowupbef or et hemeet i ngbegi ns.Wor k er swho comef r om count r i est hatdon’ tk eept ost r i ctschedul es ,suchast hosei nLat i nand Sout hAmer i ca,f orexampl e,mayneedt oadj ustt hei rbehavi our si nor dert oadaptt ot he wor kcul t ur eandav oi doffendi ngcol l eaguesandcl i ent s. Directness I fy ouar enotusedt ohear i nghonestopi ni ons,y oumayneedt oment al l ypr epar e y our sel fwhenwor ki ngi nt heNet her l andsorGer many .I nbot hcount r i es,di r ect nessi s v al ued— t heysaywhatt heymeanwi t houtdanci ngar oundt hesubj ectort r y i ngt oo har dt opr ot ectsomeone’ sf eel i ngs.I tmayt ak esomeget t i ngusedt o,espec i al l yi fy ou ar ef r om acount r yi nwhi c hext r emepol i t enessi spl acedabov ecl earcommuni cat i on, suchasJapan. I fy ou’ v ebeenl i v i ngi nGer manyandwi l lst ar twor ki ngi nt heNet her l ands( orvi cev er sa) , i ti shel pf ulf orbot hy ourcar eerandsoci all i f et ounder s t andevent hesl i ght est di ffer encesi ndoi ngbusi nessi nei t hercount r y— y oumayi mpr essy ournewcol l eagues wi t hy ourwor kcul t ur eknowhowev enbef or ey ousi tdownaty ourdesk. …………………………………………………..

Business networking groups help you meet new business contacts and like-minded professionals; here is a list of business organisations and clubs in the Netherlands. TheNet her l andshasnumer ousbusi nessnet wor ki nggr oupsandbusi ness or gani sat i onsf orexpat sl ooki ngf orei t herpr of essi onalorsoci al net wor ki ngev ent s, andi tcanbeagr eatwayf orf or ei gner st oi nt egr at ei nt ot heNet her l ands,findaDut ch awor dof mout hormeeti mpor t antbusi nesscont act s . j obvi Bot hmember sandguest sar et ypi c al l yi nvi t edt onet wor ki ngevent s,whi chcani ncl ude anyt hi ngf r om semi nar sandwor k shopst ospeci alhol i daycel ebr at i ons .Somebusi ness

net wor ki nggr oupsar ecat er edt ohel pf or ei gner sconnectwi t ht heDut chi nt er nat i onal bus i nesscommuni t y .Her ei sal i stoft hemai nbusi nessnet wor ki nggr oups,busi ness or gani sat i onsandbusi nesscl ubsi nt heNet her l andsf orexpat s.

American Chamber of Commerce (AmCham) TheAmer i canChamberofCommer cei nt heNet her l ands( AmCham)i sanonpr ofit , nongov er nment al ,nonpol i t i cal ,v ol unt ar ybusi nessor gani sat i onofcompani esand i ndi vi dual swhoi nv esti nandt r adebet weent heUni t edSt at esofAmer i caandt he Net her l ands.Est abl i shedi n1961andnowi ni t ssi xt hdecadeofs er vi cet ot heUS bus i nesscommuni t y ,t heAmer i canChamberofCommer cei nt heNet her l ands ( AmCham)seekst of ur t herdev el opbus i nessr el at i onsbet weest heUSandt he Net her l ands. Websi t e:www. amcham. nl Adv er t i s ement

Amsterdam American Business Club (AABC) AABCi sapr of essi onalbusi nessnet wor kgr oupwhosemai npur posei st ohel pi mpr ov e bus i ness t obusi nesscont act sbet weenDut chandAmer i canbus i nesses.Thecl ub cons i st spr i mar i l yofAmer i canandDut chpr of ess i onal sbutal soi ncl udesabr oadvar i et y ofnat i onal i t i esandpr of essi onalback gr ounds .Theycur r ent l yhaveal most1000 member sandhol dal unc hev er yt hi r dMondayoft hemont h.Onal t er nat i ngmont hs, t heyal l owt wooft hei rsponsor st ogi v ea‘ mar k etpl acepr esent at i on’ ,whi chnor mal l y l ast sar ound10–15mi nut es. Websi t e:www. aabc. nl

Ther ear eal sospeci alevent sdur i ngt hey earsuchasourLaborDayPi cni cand Thanks gi vi ngDi nner . Adv er t i s ement

Australian Business in Europe (ABIE) Aust r al i anBusi nessi nEur ope( ABI E)i sabusi nessor gani sat i onf orAust r al i ansl i vi ngi n Eur opeandf orEur opeanswi shi ngt omai nt ai naconnect i onwi t hAust r al i a.I t ’ san or gani sat i onofmor et hanhundr edsofi ndi vi dual sacr osst heUK,t heNet her l ands, Bel gi um,Fr ance,Ger many ,I t al yandot hercount r i es.ABI Ehost sev ent st hr oughoutt he y earal ongsi dequar t er l ydi nner s. Websi t e:www. abi enl . nl

Club of Amsterdam TheCl ubofAmst er dam i sani ndependent ,not f or pr ofit ,i nt er nat i onalf oundat i on i nv ol v edi ni nnov at i oni ni ndust r i es ,sc i enceandsoci et y .Thi sbusi nesscl ubor gani ses

ev ent s,semi nar sandsummi t sonr el ev anti ssuesandpubl i shesfindi ngsand pr oceedi ngst hr oughv ar i ousoffli neandonl i nemedi achannel s. cl ubof amst er dam. com Websi t e:www. Adv er t i s ement

Commercial Anglo-Dutch Society (CADS)

TheCommer ci alAngl oDut chSoci et y( CADS)i sapr of essi onalAmst er dam bus i ness net wor ki nggr oupwhosemai npur posei st opr omot eAngl oDut chr el at i onshi pst hr ough aser i esofcul t ur al ,busi nessandsoci al ev ent s ,suchasmont hl yl uncheswi t hguest speak er sev er yl astFr i dayoft hemont h. Websi t e:www. cadamst er damor g

Connecting Women

Connect i ngWomeni sani nt er nat i onalcommuni t yofdi v er sewoment hatai mst o pr ovi demember sandguest swi t hanenr i chi ngandi nspi r i ngmont hl yev eni ngof l ear ni ngandshar i ng.Member scanmeetwomeni nsi mi l arsi t uat i ons ,net wor kandenj oy speak er sondi v er set opi csf r om per sonalandpr of ess i onaldev el opmentt osoci aland envi r onment ali ssues.Youhav et obeamembert oj oi nevent s. connect i ngwomen. nl Websi t e:www. Adv er t i s ement

European Professional Women’s Network Amsterdam Eur opeanPr of essi onalWomen’ sNet wor ki savi br antgr owi ngpanEur opeanf eder at i on ofmor et han15women’ sbusi nessor gani sat i ons .Thecommonobj ect i vei st opr ovi de womenwi t ht het ool s,net wor ksandsuppor tt heyneedt oass umel eader shi p.Theyai m t oshar eknowl edgeacr ossEur ope,andar ei nv ol v edi nsever alEur opewi dei ni t i at i v es. Theycombi neasophi st i cat edonl i nenet wor ki ngpl at f or m,l i nki ngs ever alt housand bus i nesswomenacr ossEur ope,wi t hr egul ar ,offli neev ent si nmanyci t i esi ncl udi ng Amst er dam. Websi t e:www. pwnamst er dam. net

Foreign Press Association

TheFor ei gnPr essAssoc i at i oni sapr of essi onalor gani sat i onr epr esent i ngabout100 f or ei gnj our nal i st swhocovert heNet her l andsf orf or ei gnmedi a.Member sj our nal i st s wor kf orsomeoft hemosti mpor t anti nt er nat i onalmedi ai nt hewor l di nc l udi ngReut er s, DowJones ,t heAssoci at edPr ess ,AFP,Bl oomber g,XI NHUA,TASSanddpaamong ot her s. bpvf pa. nl Websi t e:www. Adv er t i s ement

French Chamber of Commerce Netherlands TheChambr edeCommer c eetd’ I ndust r i eFr ancePay sBas( CCIFr anceNet her l ands) i sapr i vat ebusi nessor gani sat i onconsi s t i ngof200membercompani esf r om v ar i ous sect or s.Thei rgoali st opr omot et r adebet weenFr anceandt heNet her l andsandt o st r engt hent heFr ancoDut chr el at i onswi t hi nt hebusi nesscommuni t yi nt he Net her l ands. Websi t e:www. cf ci . nl

Irish Netherlands Business Association TheI r el andNet her l andsBusi nessAss oci at i on( I NBA)connect sI r i shandDut ch bus i nesspeopl ei nt heNet her l andst hr oughr egul arnet wor ki ngevent s.I NBApr ovi desa usef ul f or um f ormaki ngconnect i onsbet weencompani esandi ndi vi dual swhoar e i nv ol v edi nbusi nessandcommer c i alact i vi t i esi nbot hI r el andandt heNet her l ands ,or whoar eengagedi nt r adebet weent hecount r i es. Webs i t e:www. i nba. nl Adv er t i s ement

Italian Professionals the Netherlands

Thi spr of essi onalgr oupai mst opr ovi debet t erconnect i onsbet weenI t al i anempl oy ees wor k i ngi nt heNet her l ands.Toj oi nt hi sbusi nessgr oup,y oumusthav east r ong pr of ess i onalconnect i onswi t ht heNet her l ands. Websi t e:www. l i nkedi n. com

Junior Chamber International – Amsterdam Juni orChamberI nt er nat i onal( J CI )Amst er dam I nt er nat i onali sani nt er nat i onalchapt er ofambi t i ousy oungpr of ess i onal sbet weent heageof21and40whoar eser i ousabout bus i nessnet wor ki ngandseeki ngpossi bi l i t i esf orper s onalandmanagementski l l s dev el opment .J uni orChamberhas2, 500member si nt heNet her l andsand250, 000 wor l dwi de.Thepur poseofJCIi st ocont r i but et ot headv ancementoft hegl obal communi t ybypr ovi di ngt heoppor t uni t yf ory oungpeopl et odevel opt hei rper sonal sk i l l s ,soci alr esponsi bi l i t y ,ent r epr eneur s hi pandf el l owshi p,necessar yt ocr eat eposi t i v e change. j ci ai . nl/www. j ci . cc Webs...


Similar Free PDFs