Egan Anthro 2A Midterm 2 Study Guide - Copy PDF

Preview

Summary

This is a completed study guide for Midterm 2...

Description

Concepts and Terms ● Families, Kinship, and Marriage ○

○

○

○

○

Kinship ■ diversity in terms (categories of kin) ■ diversity in underlying logic of kinship ties ● The word “mother” may not necessarily translate 100% into other languages Enduring Diffuse Solidarity: ■ Family expresses solidarity and support which lasts and continues even through time Kin Terms: ■ List of words/terms used in a particular language to refer to all of the different types of relatives one has Biological Kin Types & All Notation: ■ Notation

Definition

M

Mother

F

Father

S

Son

D

Daughter

C

Child

B

Brother

Z

Sister

H

Husband

W

Wife

■ Examples of Kin Terms and Biological Kin Type (US and Chitnag People) ■ Kin Term

Biological Kin Type (US)

mother

M

aunt

MZ, FZ, MBW, FBW

cousin

MZS, MZD, MBS, MBD, FZS, FZD, FBS, FBD

Chitnag (from Yap) ○

○

○

M, MZ, FZ, FZD

Nuclear Family and Extended Family ■ A nuclear family is just a married mother and father with kids ■ Expanded family refers to the group of relatives outside of the parents and kids ■ Then an extended family household refers to 3 or more generations ■ Insert kinship diagram in here as well

■ Industrialism and Family Organization ■ General differences by class ■ General changes in North ● age of marriage ○ Has increased ● size & composition of households ○ Size has decreased and increasing number of singleparent households ● divorce rates ○ Increasing but not as bad as other places Rules of Descent ■ Descent Group

●

■

■

○

Includes people who share common ancestry - they descend from the same common ancestor Bilateral Descent ● You are split equally between your mom’s and dad’s side (active in descent, ie; 4 grandparents) Unilineal Descent ● Descent traced form exclusively through one gender ● Patrilineal Descent ○ Through the father’s side ○ More common ● Matrilineal Descent ○ Through the mother’s side

Descent Groups (only from unilineal descent) ■ Lineage ● Descent group based on demonstrated descent in a unilineal manner to a common ancestor ● You can’t marry someone in your same lineage ● Patrilineage ○ Where the kids belong to the husband’s lineage ○ Dies when no sons are born ● Matrilineage ○ Where the kids belong to the wife’s lineage ○ Dies when no daughters are born ■ Clan ● Unilineally related lineages, a descent group based on stipulated descent ● Group of members who believe they are part of a bigger group ● Patriclan ○ A clan tracing descent through the male line

● ○

○

○

○

○

Matriclan ○ A clan tracing descent through the female line

Kindred ■ All the blood relatives of an individual (both sides), ego-centered networks of bilateral, affinal, and fictive kin (think close family friends) ■ Genitor & Pater ● Biological Father and someone who performs the duties of a father ■ Corporate Groups (Corporate Functions) ● Controlling assets collectively; family-owned house/land etc. Functions of Marriage - Descent & Alliance ■ Keeps track of descent through social structures and social groups ■ Gives children “full status rights” ■ Alliance ● When you get married you get Affines (affinal relatives) ● These are your in-laws Forms of Marriage ■ Monogamy ● Practice of being married to one spouse ■ Polygamy ● Two or more spouses legally married at the time ● Polygyny ○ More than one WIFE at a time ● Polyandry ○ More than one HUSBAND at a time ■ Social Organization and Material Conditions ● Himalayan Agriculturists & Polyandry ○ At the high altitudes of the Himalayas, there is intensive agricultures but a shortage of land ● Land Tenure ○ The ownership of land ○ Process of holding and transmitting land ● Fraternal polyandry ○ When the woman marries brothers, this allows for the population size to be the same while grouping people together to work on the land ● Primogeniture ○ When the land goes to the oldest brother Incest Taboo ■ Prohibition on sex (not marriage) between certain people who are related (close kin) Who can marry whom? ■ Exogamy ● Marrying outside of your own group or category or line or clan

■

○

○

○ ○

○

Endogamy ● Marrying inside of your own group or category or line or clan ○ Can include social class ● Caste System of India ○ Marry inside your own class so that you can maintain status hierarchies ○ Caste position does not change Post-Marital Residence ■ Matrilocal Residence ● AKA Uxorilocal residence ● Live in mother’s area ■ Patrilocal Residence ● AKA Virilocal residence ● Live in father’s area ● Keeps fathers and sons together ■ Neolocal Residence ● They both live in different places from their parents Wealth Transfers at Marriage ■ Bridewealth ● Payment from husband's people to bride's people ■ Dowry ● Transfer from wife's people to husbands (giving wealth) ■ Bride Service ● The husband and wife will move to wife’s family ● Then the husband will work for the bride’s people for a period of time ■ Marriage Exchanges ● Wealth moving in both directions ● Husband lives with bride's people and works for them ● Gendered wealth: tasks specific for each gender ● Competitive nature, who can give more? “Nature” and Kinship ■ cultural construction or ties of “blood”? The Nuer ■ Nuer Marriage & “Descent” ● Patrilineal, clan, polygenous, ● Paid bridewealth in cattle ● Descendants give man immortality ● Pay bridewealth to kin of woman (become a h=usband) ● Then the woman has children ■ Nuer Kinship and Sociopolitical Relations ● elders and sons, husbands and wives Analysis of Biological Kin Types ■ Generation

●

■

■

Ascending Generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc) ○ Parents, affines, grandparents, etc ● Ego’s Own Generation ○ This is the person from which we begin from and includes cousins ● Descending Generation (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc) ○ Ego’s own children, nieces nephews, etc. Laterality ● Matrilateral Biological Kin Types ○ Related through your mother (MZS, MBSS, etc.) ● Patrilateral Biological Kin Types ○ Related through your father (FZS, FBD) “Cousins” ● Parallel cousins ○ Children of the your father’s or mother’s same-sex siblings ■ For ex, MZS, MZF ■ Those are matrilateral parallel cousins ● Cross cousins ○ Children of your father’s or mother's opposite-sex siblings ■ For ex, MBS, MBD ■ Those are matrilateral cross cousins

● Political Systems ○

○ ○

Sociopolitical Organization: ■ Band ● Small kin-based groups ● No formal relations between groups ● No institutionalized relations between local groups ■ Tribe ● DON’T HAVE CHIEFS ● Larger than bands, organized by the kinship ● Sociopolitical organization based on farming or herding ● no means of enforcing political decisions ■ Chiefdom ● Kin-based, centralized points of authority ● Chiefs ● Come about with one lineage of a clan ■ State ● Leaders have authority, based on territory ● Bot a group of kin ● States regulates population ● States now encompass all societies of the world 4th World Peoples: ■ People that have been incorporated into states Nuer Segmentary Lineage System:

■ ■ ■

○

○

○

○ ○

○ ○

A tribe is associated with a specific clan Each section of the tribe is associated with a division within clan Each village is associated with a lineage division of the clan, unites lineages ■ Blood feud ● Between lineages or above and paid with blood wealth Pantribal Sodalities ■ So principles other than kinship can link groups of people ■ These nonkin groups are called associations or sodalities which serve a linking function ■ Pantribal sodalities are groups that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages ● Likely to develop during times of warfare where they could mobilize their members rather quickly and assemble a force to attack, defend or retaliate against another tribe Masai: Age Grades & Age Sets ■ Age Grade ● For example, young, Warrior, Elder, etc. ● Can change when elders die off, new generations ■ Age Sets ● Group of similar aged people who go through an age grade together ● Doesn’t change throughout life ● For example, the class of 2017 Stratification ■ Creation of separate social strata or classes ■ Signified transition from chiefdom to state Egalitarianism ■ Info Status - Ascribed & Achieved ■ Info ■ Role ■ Status Set ■ Strata ● Unrelated groups that differ in their access to wealth, prestige and power ■ Class Mode of Production & Means of Production ■ Info Multidimensional approach to hierarchy as practice ■ Bourdieu ● Every social order tries to make their own arbitrariness seem natural ● French socialists, responsible for the stuff below

○

■ Economic capital ■ Social capital ■ cultural capital Authority ■ Headman ● Also referred to as the village head ● Chosen based on personal characteristics (bravery, persuasiveness, etc.) ● Lacks right to give orders, can only persuade others ● Can also act as mediator ● Ascribed ■ Bigman ● Basically a village head but support came from several villages instead of only one ● Got position through hard work and good judgement ■ Moka in New Guinea Highlands ● Competitive exchange of debts ■ Chief ● Present only in chiefdom ● ■ Political Leaders in States ■ Authority and Mobilization of Labor ● Info ● contrast Bigman, Chief, State Leaders

● Doing Anthropology ○ ○ ○ ●

Holism ■ Info Ethnographic Fieldwork ■ Info Survey Research ■ Info

Gender ○

○

○

Matriliny vs Patriliny ■ Matriliny: Descent through the female line ■ Patriliny: Descent through the male line ■ Patriarchy ■ Society ruled by men ■ Associated toward violence ■ Women are inferior ■ Matriarchy ■ Society ruled by women

○ ○ ○ ○

○

●

■ Also matrilineal ■ Gender & Sex ■ Info Gender Roles ■ Info Gender Stratification ■ Inequality between genders Minangkabau “Matriarchy” ( Sumatra) ■ In Indonesia, males and females relate more like partners for the greater good rather than one gender above another ■ Girls are above? ■ Men represent community ■ Women own land Gender: Beyond Male & Female ■ Transgender Identity ■ Hijra, ● Third gender, male that is feminized ■ Berdache ● People that don’t conform to Western gender norms

The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea ○

○

Geography ■ Trobriand Islands ● The Trobriand islands lie 600 miles north-east of the north east corner of Australia ■ Papua New Guinea ● It’s the country located north of Australia ■ Massim ● The region where the islands are located ■ Info Wealth & Political Relations ■ During the course of study there by Weiner, she noticed that the ten resident Europeans on the island were heavily engaged in buying and selling Trobriand bowls, tables, and walking sticks and more ■ Also sold wood carvings ■ Chewed betel nuts, so within minutes a crowd will form to buy them because no one except for the chiefs has enough ● There are strict rules about eating in front of others, but chewing betel is seen as socially acceptable ■ In the past, a young Trobriander named John Kasaipwalova who attended Uni, tried to open up a Trobriand-styled luxury hotel which did not work

●

■

○

○

○

○

His antics caused tension and threatened the power of Chiefs Vanoi and Waibadi ● His stuff never worked out The chiefs who want to become powerful take on more than one wife ● Government tried to stop the polygyny but never worked out

■ Trobriand Wealth ■ Men’s Wealth and ● Yams, stone axe blades, pigs, clay pots, kula valuables (shell necklaces, arm shells etc.) ■ Women’s Wealth ● In Kiriwina, women build up their own wealth through red skirts made from banana-leaf fibers and bundles of banana leafs ● These skirts and bundles have economic value ● Major use include as a payment to mourners after the a death which directly incorporates the wealth of men Public & Domestic Domains ■ Domestic domains include the household ■ Public domains include the relations between and beyond households such as the marketplace, townhall, etc. Trobriand Matrilineage & Matriclan ■ The “hostility” form an enemy that results in death is viewed as an attack against matrilineage ● Views is as an attack against the continued power of the matrilineage for the next gen ■ In addition to a matrilineage, a person belongs to four named matrilineal clans ● No chiefs no leaders ● No sharing property either ● Each member of each clan has the same animal, bird, and plant totems ■ Trobriand Sexuality ■ By the time that they are 7-8, they begin playing erotic games with one another and imitate adult seductive attitudes ■ They change partners often, experimenting with one person then another ■ They will also not sleep in their parent’s houses but live in houses of the same gender a few doors down ■ Throughout the day, lovers send messages to one another to arrange evening meeting places ■ It is important to look attractive and to act in a manner that conveys independence and fearlessness ■ Yam exchanges will exacerbate rivalry between villages ■ Love spells can be learned and used

■ ■ ■

○

○

○

Once they reach their teen years, affairs may last for several months Spells must be used in consideration When a young woman beings to meet the same lover again and again and rejects others, the affair takes on a measure of seriousness and everyone believes that strong love has been used ■ A sensuous part of lovemaking is to bite off a lover’s eyelashes or put scratches on each others’ backs ■ Whenever a man thinks that his son is becoming serious about a particular woman, he decides whether or the woman is an appropriate choice ■ The sister-brother incest taboo is the most serious rule about social relations that exists in the lands Trobriand Marriage ■ Clans are important in helping to distinguish whom a person can and cannot marry ■ Clans are exogamous; that is a mate must be of a different clan ■ No traditional marriage ceremony, lovers seen in the same house or eating food together makes a marriage official ■ For a year eating yams in private ■ If the girl’s mother and mother’s bro approves, then her mother quickly cooks yam ■ The girl and her husband will eat yams together, making the marriage officially recognized Trobriand Views of Conception ■ A spirit from Tuma enters a woman's body and then she becomes pregnant ■ -Their belief in magic influences a woman's chances of getting pregnant also ■ -Although in modern times the trobrianders understand the biological view of conception they still use magic in certain ways of explanation Fathers, Parenting, and Child Development ■ The birth of a baby is pretty private ■ After woman gives birth, she returns to to her mother’s house and remains there for a couple for months ■ For pregnancy, villagers believe that a spirit child enters a woman ● In Combination with the mother’s blood, and ancestral spirit, it acquires its mother’s matrilineal identity ■ A man is not a member of his child’s matrilineage ■ Public responsibility for the economic care for the child goes to the father ■ Husband feeds child, sleeps with them as well ■ Supplies shell decorations to child, adding to the baby’s social beauty ■ Necklaces also hold significant social value because the pricey ones are the ones that are hard to get

■

○ ○ ○

○ ○

○

○

Earrings also hold value, to not have any means that you don’t have a father ■ A child’s decorations symbolize the social importance of the child’s father's matrilineal kin Brother-Sister Avoidance ■ Info Yam Gardens ■ who makes them & for whom Trobriand Chiefs ■ chiefly lineages ■ redistribution vs accumulation ● A chiefs role is to be generous and distribute his wealth (yams) through this he accumulates political power ● In order to be generous he requires a lot of yams and the only way he gains yams is through his wife(s). ■ polygyny Overturning the Yam House ■ Info Kayasa ■ Competition giving of yams between different clans ■ Or Cricket! Death, Funerals, and Trobriand Social Reproduction ■ Almost every death that occurs is thought to be of sorcery affected by a specialist who chants magic spells into the person's betel nuts or tobacco ■ Only when a person is very old and dies while asleep is their death considered natural ■ Owners of dead person’s stuff is the people of their matrilineage ■ Members of ego’s matrilineage will also have to repay all those members of other matrilineages who were close to ego during his or her life ■ Improper mourning means that you caused their death ■ Each dead person is perceived to be a victim of someone else’s control ■ During the moving of the body, they will first remove decorations, then cut off a few fingernails and hail to preserve their living ■ Afterwards, their spouse must remain inside the mornin house based on the dead’s power ■ Afterwards, starts a series of exchanges of yams, men’s valuables Sagali (Morturary Exchanges) ■ Workers & Owners ● Workers are villagers from other clans who are related to the dead person by marriage or patrilaterally ○ Will shave off their hair, paint themselves black, and wear mourning clothes ● Owners don’t have to grieve publicly but they do have to give away their resources such as yams, pigs, and stone-axe blades

○ ○

○ ○

○

○

■ Owners presentation of women’s wealth to Workers ■ Valova ■ Info Kula Exchange ■ Exchange of goods to create alliances between men such as stone axe blades and shell necklaces and arm bands Valova Exchanges: ■ Exchanges of women's wealth (banana leaf bundles and skirts) Relationship between: ■ yam gardens for sister & her husband ■ Sagali ● Owners will present women’s wealth to the workers Contrast bigmen, chiefs, and leaders of state level societies. How do they differ in operation? What is the basis of the authority of each? What are the implications of their authority for the mobilization of labor? ■ Bigman : is an achieved status. No real authority but can persuade people to do the right thing, can’t force them. Main role is to link localize groups into a series of alliances. Influence is based upon personal attributes (skills, charisma, wisdom) ■ Chiefs : is an ascribed status. Chief from group A can only tell them what to do, can’t tell people what to do from other groups. Best example is trobriands. Leaders of state level societies : can be ascribed or achieved status. They have authority and coercive power ( the ability to punish those that don’t do what they should.) not based upon kinship at all. ■ b. What is the basis of the authority of each? What is the implication of their authority for the mobilization of labor? ■ The big man has no authority to make people do things and they don’t have any sort of backing with mobilization of labor. They must persuade people to do the right thing. They need face to face interaction in order for their power to be important and has only a small amount of people to call on. ■ The chief has the power to back up his authority but it only extends to the people of his group. Kinship is the thing that ties the people together. ■ The leader of the state has authority and the coercive power to make sure that people do what he wants. Covers territories and not one small group. He can draw upon the labor of the largest group of people. Analyze fraternal polyandry in Himalayan south-central Asia with respect to material conditions. What specific problems are posed by what specific material conditions, and how are they solved? Is th...