Electronics industry - Wikipedia PDF

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Electronics industry The electronics industry emerged in the 20th century and is today one of the largest global industries. Contemporary society uses a vast array of electronic devices built in automated or semiautomated factories operated by the industry. Products are primarily assembled from metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors and integrated circuits, the

latter principally by photolithography and often on printed circuit boards.

Workers in an electronics factory in Shenzhen, China

The size of the industry and the use of toxic materials, as well as the difficulty of recycling has led to a series of problems with electronic waste. International regulation and environmental legislation has been developed in an attempt to address the issues.

The electronics industry consists of various sectors. The central driving force behind the entire electronics industry is the semiconductor industry sector,[1] which has annual sales of over $481 billion as of 2018.[2] The largest industry sector is e-commerce, which generated over $29 trillion in 2017.[3] The most widely manufactured electronic device is the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented in 1959, which is the "workhorse" of the electronics industry.

History

The electric power industry began in the 19th century, which led to the development of inventions such as gramaphones, radio transmitters, receivers and television. The vacuum tube was used for early electronic devices, before later being largely supplanted by semiconductor components as the fundamental technology of the industry.[4] The first working transistor, a pointcontact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Laboratories in 1947, which led to significant research in the field of solidstate semiconductors during the 1950s.[5]

This led to the emergence of the home entertainment consumer electronics industry starting in the 1950s, largely due to the efforts of Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now Sony) in successfully commercializing transistor technology for a mass market, with affordable transistor radios and then transistorized television sets.[6] The most widely manufactured electronic device is the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Laboratories in 1959. It is the "workhorse" of the electronics industry,

with MOSFET scaling and miniaturization being the primary reason for the rapid exponential growth of electronic semiconductor technology since the 1960s.[7] The MOSFET, which accounts for 99.9% of all transistors, is the most widely manufactured device in history,[8] with an estimated total of 13sextillion (1.3 × 1022) MOSFETs having been manufactured between 1960 and 2018.[8] The industry employs large numbers of electronics engineers and electronics technicians to design, develop, test, manufacture, install, and repair electrical and electronic equipment such as

communication equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and computers. Common parts manufactured are connectors, system components, cell systems, computer accessories, and these are made of alloy steel, copper, brass, stainless steel, plastic, steel tubing and other materials.[9]

Consumer electronics Consumer electronics are products intended for everyday use, most often in entertainment, communications and office productivity. Radio broadcasting in the

early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the broadcast receiver. Later products include personal computers, telephones, MP3 players, cell phones, smart phones, audio equipment, televisions, calculators, GPS automotive electronics, digital cameras and players and recorders using video media such as DVDs, VCRs or camcorders. Increasingly these products have become based on digital technologies, and have largely merged with the computer industry in what is increasingly referred to as the consumerization of information technology.

The CEA (Consumer Electronics Association) projected the value of annual consumer electronics sales in the United States to be over $170 billion in 2008.[10] Global annual consumer electronic sales are expected to reach $2.9 trillion by 2020.[11]

Effects on the environment Electrical waste contains hazardous but also valuable and scarce materials and up to 60 elements can be found in complex electronics. The United States and China are the world leaders in producing electronic waste,

each tossing away about 3 million tons each year.[12] China also remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries.[12] The UNEP estimate that the amount of e-waste being produced including mobile phones and computers could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some developing countries, such as India.[13] Increasing environmental awareness has led to changes in electronics design to reduce or eliminate toxic materials and to reduce energy consumption. The Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and

Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) were released by the European Commission in 2002.

Largest electronics industry sectors Industry sector B2B e-commerce (business-to-business)

Annual revenue

Year Ref

$25,516,000,000,000 2017

[3]

Tech industry (high tech)

$4,800,000,000,000 2018

[14]

Mobile technology

$3,900,000,000,000 2018

[15]

B2C e-commerce (business-to-consumer)

$3,851,000,000,000 2017

[3]

Consumer electronics

$1,712,900,000,000 2016

[11]

Semiconductor industry

$481,000,000,000 2018

[2]

Television broadcasting services

$407,700,000,000 2017

[16]

Power electronics

$216,000,000,000 2011

[17]

TFT liquid-crystal displays (TFT LCD)

$141,000,000,000 2017

[18]

Video games

$137,900,000,000 2018

[19]

Home video film industry

$55,700,000,000 2018

[20]

Music streaming and music downloads

$11,200,000,000 2018

[a]

List of best-selling electronic

devices

List of electronic devices by number of shipments (at least 1billion manufactured units) Electronic device MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor) Floating-gate MOSFET (flash memory cell) MOS capacitor (DRAM memory cell) Discrete semiconductor device

Shipments

Production years

(est. billion units)

included

13,000,000,000,000 1964–2018

2,321,000,000,000

228,000,000,000

5,041

1992–1997, 2000–

Ref

Product type

[8]

[b]

2018 1965–2007, 2009–

[c]

2013, 2018 1954–1957, 1966– 1971, 2002–2018 1960–1997, 2000,

Integrated circuit (IC) chip

4,044 2002–2013, 2015– 2018

Optoelectronic device

1,112 2002–2013, 2016

[d]

1954–1957, 1966– Discrete transistor

Semiconductor

798 1971, 2011, 2013– 2018

Analog integrated circuit chip

635 2002–2013, 2016 593 2011, 2013–2015

[25]

541 2002–2013

[d]

Power transistor

363 2011, 2013–2018

[e]

MOS memory chip

357

Logic device

250 2002–2013, 2016

Discrete diode Application-specific standard product (ASSP)

Microprocessor (MPU) / Microcontroller (MCU)

205

1992–1997, 2002– 2013, 2016 [d]

1971–1996, 2002– 2014, 2016

Compact disc (CD)

200 1982–2007

[28]

Consumer

Flash memory chip

197 1987–2018

[b]

Semiconductor

Thyristor

189 2013–2015

[29]

System-on-a-chip (SoC)

131 1976–2017

Sensor / Actuator

87.7 2002–2013, 2016

Display driver chip

53.3

Light-emitting diode (LED) Smart card (integrated circuit card) CMOS image sensor SIM card (universal integrated circuit card) Flat-panel display (FPD) Audio cassette tape Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Payment card Digital versatile disc (DVD)

2003–2009, 2017–

[f] [d]

[g]

2018

50 2009

[36]

50 1977–2019

[37]

Consumer

34.5 2007–2018

[h]

Semiconductor

34.1 1991–2018

[i]

Consumer

30.2

1999–2009, 2017–

[j]

2018

30 1963–2019

Consumer [52]

25.6 2002–2013

[d]

22.1 1967–2018

[53]

20 1996–2012

[54]

Mobile phone

19.4 1994–2018

[l]

Smartphone

10.1 2007–2018

[k]

Video cassette Hard disk drive (HDD) EMV (Chip & PIN) smart payment card Transistor radio Personal computer (PC) NAND flash memory controller chip RF CMOS (radio-frequency CMOS) switch Flip chip

10 1976–2000

Semiconductor

[58][59]

Consumer

9.15 1976–2018

[60]

8.2 1995–2019

[37]

7 1954–2012

[61]

6.93 1975–2019

[m]

5 2007–2017

[62]

5 2000–2017

[63]

4.81 1997–2001

[64]

Semiconductor

3.78 2013

[65]

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

3.7 2011

[31]

Video game cartridge

3.4 1983–2013

[n]

Audio codec sound chip

Smart payment card Television set (TV set) Synchronous SRAM memory chip Graphics processing unit (GPU)

3.04 2018 3 1936–2019 2.7 1995–2015

2 1996–2014

[37] [o]

[71]

Semiconductor

[p]

Consumer Semiconductor

Short-range wireless IC chip

1.67 2009

[74]

Video game console

1.58 1976–2019

[q]

Laptop computer

1.45 2010–2017

[m]

DVD player

1.3 1996–2007

[75]

Vacuum tube

1.3 1966–1970

[76]

Landline telephone

1.26 1950–2005

[77]

Tablet computer

1.24 2010–2017

[m]

1.2 1997–2011

[31]

Desktop computer

1.14 2010–2017

[m]

Home video game console

1.03 1976–2019

[q]

USB controller

CD player Video cassette recorder (VCR)

[78]

1 1976–2006

[79]

Consumer electronics

Consumer

Vacuum

Consumer

1 1982–2004

See also

Consumer

Electronic engineering Electronics Microelectronics MOSFET Integrated circuit Nanoelectronics Power electronics Semiconductor Silicon Technology

Notes a. Digital music – $11.2 billion[21] Streaming audio – $8.9 billion

Paid downloads – $2.3 billion b. See Flash memory §Shipments. c. MOS capacitor (dynamic RAM memory cell consists of MOSFET and MOS capacitor) 1965–2007 – 1exabyte (est.)[22] – 8quintillion cells 2009–2013 – 113.6billion gigabits[23] – 113.6quintillion cells 2018 – 106.34billion gigabits[24] – 106.34quintillion cells d. See Semiconductor industry §Shipments. e. Power transistor: 2011, 2013–2014 – 137billion[25] 2015 – 52billion[26] 2016–2018 – 174.3billion[27]

f. System-on-a-chip (SoC) ARM architecture (1991–2017) – 130billion[30] Programmable system-on-chip (2002– 2011) – 1.1billion[31] g. Display driver chip: LCD display driver (2003–2005) – 9,821,200,000[32] 2006 – 5.5billion[33] 2007 – 6.9billion[33] 2008 – 6.9billion+ (est.) 2009 – 8.2billion[34] 2017–2018 – 16billion[35] h. CMOS image sensor: 2007–2017 – 29million (est.)[38] 2018 – 5.5billion[39]

i. SIM card (universal integrated circuit card) 1991–2013 – 7billion[40] 2014 – 5.2billion[41] 2015 – 5.4billion[42] 2016 – 5.4billion[43] 2017–2018 – 11.07billion[44]

j. Flat-panel display (FPD) 1999 – 2.3billion[45] 2000–2004 – 11.5billion (est.) 2005 – 3.177billion[46] 2006 – 3.5billion[47] Mobile phone (2007) – 1.15billion[48] Mobile display (2008) – 1.6billion[49] Mobile display (2009) – 1.3billion[50] Small-medium display (2017–2018) – 5,681.2million[51] k. Smartphone: 2007–2010 – 731million[56] 2011–2013 – 2.122billion[56] 2014–2015 – 2.69billion[57] 2016–2018 – 4.589billion[56]

l. Mobile phone: 1994–2010 – 10billion[55] Smartphone (2011–2018) – 9.401billion[k] m. See Market share of personal computer vendors §Unit sales. n. Video game cartridge: Nintendo consoles (1983–2013) – 2,910.72million[66] Sega Genesis/Mega Drive (1988– 1997) – 490million (est.)[67][68] o. Television set (TV set) 1936–1996 – 1billion[69] TVs with MediaTek display driver chips (1997–2019) – 2billion[70]

p. Graphics processing unit (GPU) PowerVR (1996–2001) – 1billion[72] GeForce (1999–2014) – 1billion[73] q. See List of best-selling game consoles §Total console sales by firm (est.)

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