Eng101-Cheat Sheet_ helpful shit PDF

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End of semester exam, a summaries of the whole course...

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Trampoline problem: New product to market will need to engage with technology, market, business, finance. Start with goal. Many prototypes. Dynamic constraints. Engineering Process: The Problem: External (the client), Internal (you, your boss, your lecturer). Define Success: 1) Performance criteria, 2) constraints (time, cost, finance, environmental/safety laws, ethics, culture, patents). Find Solutions: The team, research, problem solving (unstructured & structured). Test: Analysis of solutions: sketch, calculations, prototype, computer model. Performance and Constraints, sketches, experiments. Decide: Presentations, reports, debates. Build and Deliver: Project management, the team, finance, sustainability, intellectual property. Operate: Optimise, maintenance, troubleshoot, the team, sustainability. End of Life: Sustainability (dismantle, recycle, dispose). Diagrams: KT: weighing up various constraints/performance criteria. -soft and hard constraints. Soft constraints have different ‘ weights. 1) Rank “want to have” by how important  numerical value eg. 1-10. 2). rate/score each solution against each constraint eg 1-10. 3) Multiply (weighting * score) for each constraint. -  add up and compare solutions. MindMaps: good for organising ideas/solutions, causes of problems, structure. Creation is iterative, goes through multiple iterations. Helps identify things that could be missing Fishbone: Good for organising influences/potential causes to a problem. Is a cause/effect diagram. Dunker Diagram: Exploring opposite helps generate solutions that may initially be overlooked. Many problem statements force you down one branch-diagram helps mitigate this. Helps to redefine problem statement. Broader range of solutions. Ethics: Laws: The system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes. these are enforceable and must be adhered to. Morals: Personal standards of behaviour. A result of culture, religion, family, education, peer pressure, observed behaviour of others and observed consequences of that behaviour, personality. Consequence Based Ethics (teleology): The belief that an act can be judged moral or immoral depending on its consequences/The ends justifies the means/Utilitarianism/Acts are ethical when they achieve the greatest good for the greatest number/maximise human “happiness” and minimize suffering. Shortcomings: It only considers the overall happiness/suffering, not the distribution and difficult to quantify “happiness” and “suffering”. Rule Based Ethics (deontology): The belief that an act can be judged moral or immoral if it is the right thing to do, regardless of the consequences/ do the right thing (rule following). Duty Ethics: Acts are ethical if they are conducted out of duty/There are duties that ought to be performed, even though performing them may not produce the most-good. This theory does not focus on consequences, only on doing what is “right”. • Rights Ethics: Ethical acts are those that best maintain the rights of people affected by them. This theory is focused on the process, not the outcomes (duty based ethics). Shortcomings: It is not always possible to simultaneously uphold the rights of all parties. • Justice Ethics: Acts are ethical when based on standards of equity, fairness and impartiality. Different treatment of people should not be based on arbitrary characteristics (equal pay for equal work). Rules should be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced. Compensatory justice (fairness). Individuals should be compensated for injury by the party responsible. Individuals should not be held responsible for matters over which they have no control. Shortcomings: It is not always possible to be fair to all stakeholders. • The Golden Rule: Do to others as you would have them do to you. Shortcomings: Assumes your needs and wants are the same as everyone else’s. • Code‐based Ethics: Do no harm/Prevent harm/Make things better/Do good/Respect others/Be fair/Be compassionate. Virtues Based Ethics: Be a good person/Acts are ethical when based on the “virtues”: integrity, honesty, courage, compassion and self-regard. Ethical acts are what a “virtuous” person would do in the same circumstances. This theory is not about duties or consequences, but rather is about being a moral person. Shortcomings: Assumes everyone values the same virtues and acts accordingly. Doesn’t give much specific guidance. Summary of Professional Engineering Codes: Engineers do not lie, cheat or steal; Engineers always have the best interests of the public and the environment in mind; Engineers have a responsibility to clients and colleagues to behave in a professional manner and do their best work within their area of competence only. Shortcomings: Codes of professional behaviour leave a great deal uncovered, and often have conflicting obligations. Cognitive bias: Cognitive bias can lead to poor choices. Easy to steer numbers to get answers you want! • Anchoring Bias (first piece of information ) • Availability Heuristic (overestimate importance of immediate information) • Bandwagon Effect (go with the group) • Blind-Spot Bias (can’t recognise own bias) • Choice‐Supportive Bias (feel positive about flawed choices because you made them) • Clustering Illusion (see patterns in random events---Gamblers fallacy ) • Confirmation Bias (only take into account what confirms our theories) • Conservatism Bias (slow to accept change) • Information Bias (seek and use unnecessary information) • Ostrich Effect (ignore dangerous or negative information) • Outcome Bias judging the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known. • Overconfidence (too confident in ourselves and our abilities) • Placebo Effect (believing something makes it happen) • Pro‐Innovation Bias (overvalue the usefulness of new things) • Recency (view latest information as more important) • Salience (focus on most recognisable feature) • Selective Perception (expectations influence perception. The way information is presented determines the way information is preserved. One way is usually more favourable than the other---FRAMING ) . Ethicalframework: List all the options. Identify relevant laws. Identify stakeholders. Deontology (rule-based). Teleology. Virtues. PLUS: Policy, Laws, Universal values and rules, Self(Deontology based analysis of a ethical problem) Reports: Tables: Need caption above the table. Caption should be a complete sentence (including punctuation). Need to be referenced in text before they appear . Must have labelled columns and units. Figure: graphs, pictures, photos, drawings. Caption goes below the figure. Must be a complete sentence reference in text before it appears. Text in figures are similar font size. Must have units if necessary. Risk/Hazard: Hazard= what you are exposed to/with  “potential energy” that could “flow” rapidly in the wrong direction or wrong time i.e. - pressure, heat, electricity, toxicity. Risk is Either a yes or no (1/0). Risk = Hazard* probability* consequence. Acceptable risk level is societal/political. Training/safety devices and activities lower probability. Emergency response/sprinklers/helmets/airbags lower the consequence. FAR (Fatal Accident Rate):

Swiss cheese: The small holes in a system all line up to cause a major disaster. It recognizes that no single layer of risk prevention/minimization is perfect....