Entomology 102 Midterm 1 Study Guide PDF

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Entomology 102 Midterm 1 Study Guide

What does CDC stand for? 

Centers for disease control

What are the requirements that organisms need to meet to place them in the same species?   

Can mate Produce offspring Offspring are fertile and can produce offspring

What are three characteristics shared by all arthropods? - What are five characteristics of insects that separate them from the other arthropods? Understand how arthropods breathe, their skeletal structure, circulatory system. What are the benefits of an exoskeleton? 

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Arthropods o Body consists of segments grouped into fairly distinct regions o Body segments (at least some) have segmented appendages attached to them o Exoskeleton Have an open circulatory system Respire by means of trachea or gills Advantages to exoskeleton o Protective armor-prevents wear and tear o Protection from invasion of pathogens o Impermeable to water o Base for muscle attachment Insect Distinctiveness o Body with three distinct regions  Head, Thorax, and Abdomen o Head with one pair of antennae and paired o mouthpart o Thorax with three pair of legs - one per o segment o No locomoter appendages on abdomen (in o adults) o With 0, 1 or 2 pair of wings

How many sections are the segments of an insect divided into? Remember your grasshopper illustration and be able to label the parts that we discussed when we did the grasshopper class.

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Head, Thorax, Abdomen

What are the five types of mouthparts found in insects and discussed in this course? Be able to describe each and give an example of an insect group in which it is found. What is the potential of each type in vectoring pathogens? What type of mouthparts to adult butterflies and moths have? Bees? Houseflies, mosquitoes?     

Chewing Piercing and Sucking o Lice, Mosquito Sponging o Housefly Siphoning o Moth and Butterfly Chewing and lapping o Bees

What is an ovipositor, what is its purpose in insects? What is a stinger? In which gender of insects is a stinger found? What do compound eyes and ocelli do?     

Ovipositor: An egg-laying device Stinger: A modified ovipositor Only females carry a stinger Compound eyes have large field of view Ocelli: small simple eye found in may invertebrates, usually single lens and few sensory cells

What are the three types of metamorphosis found in insects? What are the stages found in each type? 

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“No” Metamorphosis o Growth without change o Immature is termed a young Simple, Incomplete or gradual metamorphosis o Immatures look like adults  Called a nymph Complete or complex metamorphosis

o Pupal stage, significant transformations o Immature called larva(e) Give an example of an order of insects with each type of metamorphosis.   

“No” Metamorphosis: primitive insects, silverfish, firebrat Incomplete Metamorphosis: Grasshoppers, Cockroach, mayfly Complete Metamorphosis: Butterfly, ants, bees, moths, beetles

Define the terms Phytophagous, predator, parasite, and decomposer.   

Phytophagous: Eat plants, primary consumers Predators/parasites: feed on other animals, especially insects Decomposers: Decompose organic matter

What are four ways in which arthropods are of value to humans? What are four ways in which arthropods are detrimental to humans? 

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Helpful o As pollinators o As food o Decomposers and scavengers o Providing non-food products Harmful o Plant destruction o Vector plant diseases o Adverse effects on vertebrates  Toxic by-products  Feed on living tissue

In what ways are arthropods medically important to humans? What are entomophobia and delusory parasitosis? What is an arbodisease? What are mechanical and biological transmission and give examples of each.   

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Medical Importance o Arthropods as direct agents or discomfort Entomophobia o An obsession with avoiding arthropods Delusory Parasitosis o Psychological state that develops when an individual mistakenly believes that they are being bitten or infested with arthropods Arbodisease o A disease the causal agent of which is vectored by an arthropod

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Mechanical Transmission o Pathogen transmitted by contaminated body parts (mostly mouthparts)  Food contaminants Biological Transmission o Pathogen undergoes development or reproduction in the host arthropod  Malaria, chagas, African sleeping sickness

What are myiasis, dermatosis, and envenomization?   

Myiasis o The invasion of living flesh by fly maggots Dermatosis o Irritation of the skin through toxins or hairs Envenomization o Injection of venom when the arthropod stings or bites

What is epidemiology? What contributions do epidemiologist make to humans?  

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease prevalence Contributions o Discovery of parasite as causal agent of a disease o Identification of mode of transmission between vector and host o Control and management

What are a vector, disease, Pathogen or causal agent, and reservoir? Examples of arthropod parasites?   

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Vector o The arthropod responsible for transmission of the causal agent (pathogen) Pathogen/Causal Agent o Any organism that is dependent on host for survival Reservoir o Any animal system, whether vector or vertebrate, capable of maintaining a pathogen for considerable periods of time. Often does not develop acute symptoms of disease. Examples o Lice o Mosquitoes o

Examples of pathogenic parasites? What is the difference between and obligate and a facultative arthropod parasite? What is a “dead end” host? What do the terms asymptomatic and symptomatic mean in relation to disease? 

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Pathogenic Parasites o Bacteria o Rickettsia o Helminthes Worms Obligate o Parasitism is the only means of existence for the arthropod Facultative o Normally free living arthropod that infests a host Dead End Host o Do not support high enough level of infection or die before pathogen can be passed on

What are four categories of arthropod vectored pathogens (e.g., bacteria)? Can we develop equal immunity to each group of pathogens? What groups of pathogens can be controlled with antibiotics? 

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Bacteria o Humans may develop strong immunity o Antibiotics Viruses o May develop strong and lasting immunity Protozoa o Do not usually acquire strong immunity Worms o Immunity weak

What is meant by natural and acquired immunity? What is meant by an acute and chronic response to the invasion by a pathogen?  

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Natural Immunity o Species or individual specific-host not susceptible to pathogen Acquired Immunity o Transient to lifelong, may provide partial or permanent protection-development of antibodies Acute Response o An immediate response to one incident-short time reaction

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Chronic o Long term effects, may not be evident for months or years

What are the differences between vertical and horizontal transmission of a pathogen?  

Vertical Transmission o Passage of pathogen from one life state or generation to the next within the vector Horizontal Transmission o Most common o From vector to host to vector

How do chelicerate mouthparts function? Name four types of arthropods with chelicerate mouthparts.  

Mouthparts chew and scrape Scorpions, Spiders, Ticks

What characteristics do chelicerate arthropods share (that I asked you to know)?    

Lack antennae Feeding structures called chelicerate Second pair of appendages may be modified to aid in feeding Body divided into cephalothorax and abdomen

Know a little about the biology of spiders, solpugids, and scorpions. What is necrotic damage to a spider bite? What are urticating hairs?  

Nercotic Damage o Premature death of cells in living tissue Urticating Hairs o Irritating bristles o One of the primary defense mechanisms-tarantulas

If we were to weigh all of the animals on earth, where would arthropods and insects fall in as far as mass weight? Which weighs more, all of the insects together or all of the arthropods together? What is the value of so much biomass?  

400 pounds an acre of biomass in temperate areas/one ton in tropics Most biomass of all living organisms

Name two crustaceans that you have or would think about eating. Name five non-insect arthropods.      

Lobster Crab Spiders Ticks Mites Pillbugs

What are transgenic organisms and GMO’s? 

Organisms that have acquired novel genes from other organisms by laboratory “gene transfer” methods

What does the term cosmopolitan mean in relation to this course and insect distributions? What does the terms nocturnal, diurnal, and crepuscular mean?   

Diurnal o Activity during the day and sleeping at night Nocturnal o Activity during the night and sleep during day Crepuscular o Animals active during twilight (dawn and dusk)

What is the biological species concept? What criteria are needed to make a species?

How are arthropods detrimental as food contaminants? What type of mouthpart lends itself well to this?  

Yes, through contaminated body parts Sponging mouthparts

What is the Germ Theory of disease and who proposed it? What is spontaneous generation?   

“germs” or pathogens are the cause for disease Proposed by Pasteur Spontaneous Generation o Formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms

How have humans made it “easier” for arthropods to spread the pathogens that cause disease?

Know the basic biologies (what they do, how they live, how they are important from a medical standpoint) of the major insect orders that we discussed in class. Know what types of mouthparts they have and why that makes them more or less important medically.

Have a basic understanding of the concepts from the “What is Science” presentation....