Environmental Impact Assessement methodology [Y. Anjaneyulu, Valli Manickam] PDF

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Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies Second Edition Y. Anjaneyulu, Ph.D Visiting Professor in Environment and Chemistry & Director, TLGVRC, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi-39217, USA. Valli Manickam, Ph.D Centre for Atmospheric Sciences and, Weather Modification Technolo...

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Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies Second Edition

Y. Anjaneyulu, Ph.D Visiting Professor in Environment and Chemistry & Director, TLGVRC, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi-39217, USA. Valli Manickam, Ph.D Centre for Atmospheric Sciences and, Weather Modification Technologies, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India.

SSP B~

Pub~ications

4-4-309, Giriraj Lane, Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad - 500 095 - A.P. Phone: 040-23445677,23445688 e-mail: [email protected] www.bspublications.net

Secol1d Edi!ol1. 2007

I

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Published by :

BSP BS Publications 4-4-309, Giriraj Lane, Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad - 500 095 - A.P. Phone: 040-23445677,23445688 e-mail: [email protected] www.bspublications.net

Prill ted at Adithya Art Printers Hyderabad.

ISBN : 978-81-7800-144-9 ISBN

81-7800-144-6

Contents

Chapter ·1 Fundamental Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) I.A Basic Concept of ElA ............................................................................................. I I.A.I

Introduction ............................................................................................ I

I.A.2

EIA Procedure ........................................................................................ 3

l.B Systematic Approach for Using EIA as a Planning Tool for Major Project Activities ........................................................... 17 I.B.I

Introduction .......................................................................................... 17

1.8.2

Preparation of Environmental Base Map .............................................. IS

1.8.3

Identification of Study Area ................................................................. 19

I.BA

Classification of Environmental Parameters ........................................ 19

1.8.5

Formation of EIA Study Team ............................................................. 19

1.8.6

Preparation of Tenns of Reference ......... .......... ............ .... .... .............. 19

l.8.7 I.B.S

Preparation of an EIA Report ............................................................... 20

l.B.9

Draft and Final Envionmentallmpact Statements ............................... 21

l.B.tO l.B.II

Impact Analysis .................................................................................... 22 Fonnat and Content of a

I.B.12

OEIS Processing .................................................................................. 23

l.B.13

Final Environmental Impact Statem.:nts (FEIS) .................................. 23

Environmental Monitoring and management Plan ............................... 21

Draft Environmental Impact Statements (OEIS) ................................. 23

Contents

I.C

Comparative Evaluation Alternatives from EIA Studies ....................................... 24 I.C.I

Selecting a Preferred Alternative ........................................................... 24

1.e.2

Conceptual Basis for Trade-OfT Analysis ............................................. 25

1.e.3

Importance Weighting of Decision Factors .......................................... 28

References ............................................................................................................. 30 Questions .............................................................................................................. 30

Chapter - 2 EIA Methodologies 2.1

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 32

2.2

Criteria for the Selection ofEIA Methodology .................................................... 32

2.3

EIA Methods ......................................................................................................... 34

2.4

Predictive Models for Impact Assessment .......................................................... 83 Re.ferences ............................................................................................................. 90 Questions .............................................................................................................. 94

Chapter - 3 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on Soil and Ground Water Environment 3.1

Introduction .......................................................................................................... 95

3.2

Soils and Ground water ........................................................................................ 95

3.3

Methodology for the Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on Soil and Groundwater ....................................................................... 95 References ............................................................................................................ 122 Questions ............................................................................................................. 122

Chapter - 4 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on Surface Water Environment 4.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 124

4.2

Project Which Create Impact Concerns for the Surface-water Environment ................................................................................ 125

4.3

Systematic Methods for Evaluation of Impacts of Various Developmental Activities on Surface Water Environment .................................. 125 References ............................................................................................................ 157 Questions ............................................................................................................. 158

(xiii)

Contents

Chapter - 5 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on Biological Environment 5.0

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 160

5.1

General Methodology for the Assessment of Impacts on Btological Environment ....... ................................................................................ 161

5.2

Systematic Approach for Evaluating Biological Impacts ................................... 163

5.3

Typical Examples for Carrying out EIA ............................................................. 190

5.4

Typical Example Assessment of Impacts of Road Development on Flora and Fauna ............................................................. 196

References ........................................................................................................... 20) Questions ..... ....................................................................................................... 206

Chapter - 6 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on the Air Environment 6.1

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 207

6.2

A Generalized Approach for Assessment of Air Pollution Impact ...................... 211

References ........................................................................................................... 229 Questions ....................... ..................................................................................... 230

Chapter -7 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts of Noise on the Environment 7.1

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 231

7.2

Basic Information of Noise ................................................................................ 233

7.3

Noise Measuretnent ............................................................................................ 236

7.4 7.5

Effects of Noise of People ................................................................................. 236 Systematic Methodology for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Noise ...................................................... 241

References........................................................................................................... 254 Questions ............................................................................................................ 255

Chapter - 8 Prediction and Assessment of Impacts of Socio-Economic and Human Health Impacts 8.A

Prediction and Assessment of Impacts on the Socio-Economic Environment. 256 8.A.l

Introduction ...................................................................................... 256

8.A.2

Social Assesstnent ............................................................................ 256

8.A.3

Conceptual Frame Work for Socio Economic Assessment ............ 257

Contents 8.B

Prediction and Assessment of Impacts of Project Activities on Human Health ..................................................................... 272 8.8.1 8.B.2

8.C

Tasks of Health Impact Assessment ................................................. 272 Methodology ..................................................................................... 273

Assessment if Impacts of Project Activities on Traffic and Transportation Systems ................................................................... 282 References ............................................................................................................. 283 Questions ............................................................................................................. 283

Chapter - 9 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) and Risk Management in EIA 9.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 284

9.2

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) .............................................................. 284

9.3

Risk Assessment and Treatment of Uncertainty ................................................. 285

9.4 9.5

Key Steps in Performing an Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) ................ 286 Advantages and Limitations of Environmental Risk Assessment ....................... 312 References ............................................................................................................ 310 Questions ............................................................................................................. 322

Chapter -10 Application ot Remote Sensing and GIS for EIA 10.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 312

10.2

Concepts of Environmental Remote Sensing ...................................................... 313

10.3

Basic Principles of Remote Sensing ................................................................... 314 10.3. I

Electromagnetic Energy .................................................................... 314

IC.3.2

Photography and Optical Data .......................................................... 315

lOA

Airborne Light Detection and Ranging System (LIDAR) ................................... 317

10.5

Thennal Imagery ................................................................................................. 317

10.6

Radar ................................................................................................................... 318

10.7

Satellite Orbits ..................................................................................................... 319

10.8

Application of Environmental Remote Sensing for EIA ..................................... 320 10.8.1

Linear Projects .................................................................................. 320

10.8.2 10.8.3

Coastal Zone Studies ......................................................................... 320

10.804

Land Use and Land Cover S 1tudies .................................................. 321

10.8.5

Sources of Remote Sensing Applications ......................................... 321

Estuaries ............................................................................................ 320

Contents

10.9

10.10

Application of GIS for EIA ................................................................................ 322 10.9.1

What is a GIS? ................................................................................. 322

10.9.2

GIS Concepts and Techniques ......................................................... 322

GIS for Environmental Impact Assessment ...................................................... 325 10.10.1

Possible Approaches ........................................................................ 325

10.10.2

Resource iInplications ...................................................................... 325

10.10.3

GIS in Screening, Scoping and Baseline Studies ............................ 327

10.11

Databases for GIS ............................................................................................. 330

10.12

Major Applications of GIS .................................................................................. 332 References ............................................................................................... " .......... 333 Questions ............................................................................................................ 333

Chapter-11 EIA Case Studies 11.1

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 335

11.2

Environmental Impact of Industrial Development ............................................. 337 11.2.1

Physical Resources .......................................................................... 337

11.2.2

Ecological Resources ........................................................... , ........... 340

11.2.3

HUlnan use values ............................................................................ 341

11.2.4

Quality-of-Iife values ........................................................................ 341

11.2.5

Project Siting .................................................................................... 342

11.3

Factors to be considered in Making Assessment Decisions .............................. 344

11.4

Guidelines for Preparations of TORS for Life of Industrial Development Projects for Initial Environmental Examination........................... 345

11.5

Management Requirements for the Preparation of EIA for industrial projects. 346

11.6

Preparation of EIA of Land Clearing Projects ................................................... 365

11.7

Assessment of Impacts of Traffic and Transportation ..................................... 373

11.8

Physiography and Drainage ................................................................................ 410

11.9

Geology and Structure ........................................................................................ 411

11.10

Climate ................................................................................................................. 411

11.11

Soil Series ............................................................................................................ 411

11.12

Land use/ Land cover ......................................................................................... 412

11.13

Preparation of the Secondary Overlays ............................................................. 413 11.13.1

Slope .......................................................................... ,...................... 413

Contents

(xvi)

11.14

Generation of Final Overlays for Decision Making ............................................ 413 11.14.1

Hydrogeomorphology and Groundwater ......................................... .413

11.14.2

Land-Irrigability ................................................................................. 414

11.14.3

Composite Erosion Intensity Units! Composite Land Development Sites ................................................. 414

11.15

11.14.4

Land Capability ................................................................................. .414

11.14.5

Sediment Yield Index ........................................................................ .415

Treatlnent Plans .................................................................................................. 416 11.15.1

Development Plan for the command Area ........................................ 416

11ldex .............................................................................................................................. 425

CHAPTER

1 Fundamental Approach to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

1.A BASIC CONCEPTS OF EIA 1.A.1 Introduction EIA is an activity designed to identify and predict the impact of a project on biogeophysicochemical environment and on human health so as to recommend appropriate legislative measures, programs, and operational procedures to minimize the impact. EIA is an exercise to be carried out before any project or major activity is undertaken to ensure that it will not in any away harm the environment on a short-tenn or long-term basis. Any developmental activity requires not only the analysis, the monetary costs and benefits involved and of the need of such a project but also most important, it requires a consideration and detailed assessment of the effect of a proposed development on the environment. Often the results of manually-produced changes cause degradation in the surrounding environment. Although the proposed project or plan has a good intent and addresses an identified problem, or solves it, the ramifications of the project may be serious. For instance, it may result in degr...