Epidemiology - Lecture notes 3 PDF

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Epidemiology ...

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Community Health HSC 401 Epidemiology Terms Please answer the following questions:

Name:__________________

1. What is epidemiology? (Word for word from his PPT) ● Study of Distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations ● study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in conditions in defined populations

2.

What are Agents, Hosts and the environment and give an example. ● Agent: cause of the disease or health problem i. ex: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa ● Host: a person or other living organism that affords subsistence or lodgment to a communicable agent under natural conditions i. Ex: Cats are a host for Toxoplasma gondii ii. Ex: Rats are hosts for Yersinia pestis ● Environment: external factors that cause or allow disease transmission i. Ex: swamps, during a place or time when it is humid

3. List four modes of transmission of diseases ● waterborne transmission: transmission through water ● foodborne transmission: transmission through food ● airborne transmission: transmission through air ● vector transmission: transmission of a disease from one host to another by an animal or insect

4. What do we mean by clinical trials? ● a research study that determines whether or not a medical strategy is safe and effective for humans

5. Who do we call population at risk and give two examples? ● a group of people who share a characteristic that causes each member to be susceptible ● ● ●

to a particular event aka vulnerable population people who have the potential to get a disease Example: i. African Americans are a population at risk of sickle cell anemia ii. Asian women are a population at risk of osteoporosis

Define the following terms: 1. Ratio a. the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another

2. Incident a. number of new cases per population at risk in a given area

3. Attack rate a. an incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak and expressed as a percent

4. Prevalence a. prevalence rate: number of new and old cases of disease in a population in a given period of time, divided by the total number of population

5. Natality Rate a. aka birth rate b. number of live births divided by the total population

6. Mortality Rate a. the number of deaths in a population divided by the total populations

7. Morbidity Rate a. number of people who are sick divided by the total population at risk

8. Life expectancy a. the average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time

9. Crude death and birth rate a. Crude death rate: number of deaths occuring during the year per 1,000 population b. crude birth rate: number of births during a given time per 1,000 population

10. Life adjusted rate a. Used to show what level or mortality would be if the age composition of different populations were the same

11. Cause specific mortality a. mortality rate from specified cause for a population b. Fraction format: i. numerator: number of deaths attributed to specific cause ii. denominator: remains the size of population at the midpoint of time period iii. fraction is usually expressed per 100,000 population

12. Proportional Mortality Rate a. - Number of deaths within a population due to a specific disease or

cause divided by the total number of deaths in the population during a time period such as a year.

13. IMR

a. infant mortality rate: number of deaths among babies under the age of one that are occuring within a given year per 1,000 live births among a population of a geographical area

14. List four reasons for high life expectancy in the US a. better health care b. better sanitation conditions c. better nutrition d. better working conditions

15. What is the process and the scheme for reporting notifiable diseases in public health?...