Essay ON Violence Against Women IN Jamaica PDF

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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

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SOCIOLOGY 101 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN MARKIST/FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES UNVIVERSITY OF THE COMMONWEALTH CARIBBEAN

ID# 20171446 - Juvena Delahaye

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FROM A MARXIST/ FEMINIST PERSPECTIVES Violence against women and girls (gender-based violence (GBV) or (VAWG)), is a global pandemic that affects one in three (1 in 3) women in their lifetime. Research indicates that globally, seven percent (7% ) of women have been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner. Studies also show that thirty five (35% ) of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence, non-partner sexual violence, stalking, financial abuse, sexual harassment or trafficking, child marriage; and a staggering thirty-eight (38) percent of women worldwide have been murdered by their partners. The World Bank estimates that approximately 200 million women have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting across the globe. Violence against women, whatever form it takes, can have serious emotional and longterm physical effects. In this essay, I will delve a little bit on the issue of violence against women; the issues that contribute to violence against women; the negative effects of violence against women and the steps being taken both locally and internationally to end the growing trend of violence against women.. We will further explore violence against women from a Marxist and Feminist perspective.

Keywords: intimate partner violence, gender, socio-economic, cultural, Marxist, Feminist.

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3 SOCIOLOGY 101

Every woman has the right to live her life safely and free of violence. Not a recent phenomenon, not linked to any particular social class or group, violence against women is a pattern of assaultive abuse that takes place in both private and public spaces. Acts such as intimate partner violence is any behaviour by a current or former partner or spouse that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm. This is one of the most common forms of violence experienced by women globally. Approximately three quarters of the world’s countries have outlawed domestic violence. Sexual violence - Sexual violence is any sexual act committed against the will of another person, either when this person does not give consent or when consent cannot be given because the person is a child, has a mental disability, or is severely intoxicated or unconscious as a result of alcohol or drugs. This type of violence can take place in may fashions, such as, sexual harassment, which includes non-contact forms, like sexual comments about a person’s body parts or appearance, whistling, demands for sexual favors, sexually suggestive staring, stalking, and exposing one’s sexual organs at someone. It also includes physical contact forms, like grabbing, pinching, slapping, or rubbing. Rape - Other acts of sexual violence include rape, which is defined as a non-consensual vaginal, anal or oral penetration of a sexual nature of the body of another person with any bodily part or object. This can be by persons known or unknown to the survivor, within marriage and relationships, and during armed conflict against another person in a sexual way. Research also indicates that approximately 15 million adolescent girls (aged 15 to 19) worldwide have experienced forced sex at some point in their life (interactive unwomen.org).

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Human Trafficking and sexual exploitation - Human trafficking is the acquisition and exploitation of people, through means, such as force, fraud, coercion, or deception. This type of crime results in millions of women and girls being exploited worldwide. It is estimated that approximately seventy-two (72%) of all trafficking victims worldwide are women and girls; while four out of five of those women are trafficked for sexual exploitation. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) – Female Genital Mutilation includes procedures that alter or cause injury to the female genital organs intentionally, based on cultural backgrounds, particularly in African Countries, and for non-medical reasons. This practice carries many health risks, including death. Approximately two hundred (200) million women and girls between the ages of 15-49 have undergone FGM in 30 countries where representative data is available. In most of these countries, the majority of girls were cut before age 5. Child marriages – This type of violence usually results in the cessation of a girl’s education, vocation and her right to make life choices. Research confirms that girls who marry in childhood are at greater risk for intimate partner violence than girls of the same age who marry later. It is estimated that approximately four in ten (4in10) girls in sub-Saharan Africa were married before age 18.

Factors that influence violence against women “The deepest problems of modern life flow from the attempt of the individual to maintain the independence and individuality of his existence against the sovereign powers of society, against the weight of the historical heritage and the external culture and technique of life”. Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis of Modern Life”

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Families are where all socialization begins, including socialization for all types of violent behavior. Studies of violent criminals and violent sex offenders have found these men are more likely than other adults to have experienced poor parental childrearing, poor supervision, physical abuse, neglect, and separations from their parents (Langevin et al., 1985; Farrington, 1991). Violence against women is widely believed to be motivated by the need to dominate women. A number of theories about the causes of perpetrating violence against women are drawn from the literature on aggression and general violence. Both the research on general violence and that on violence against women suggest that violence arises from interactions among individual biological and psychosocial factors and social processes (e.g., Reiss and Roth, 1993), but it is not known how much overlap there is in the development of violent behavior against women and other violent behavior. Studies of male batterers have found that some abusers confine their violent behavior to their intimate partners, but others are violent in general (Fagan et al., 1983; Cadsky and Crawford, 1988; Shields et al., 1988; Saunders, 1992; Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart, 1994). The research suggests that, at least in some cases, there may be differences in the factors that cause violence against women and those that cause other violent behavior”. It is further suggested that male sexual jealousy developed as a means of assuring the paternity of their offspring (Quinsey and Lalumière, 1995), has also been used to explain aspects of intimate partner violence. Alcohol use has been reported in between twenty-five (25%) percent and eighty-five (85%) percent of incidents of battering and up to seventy-five (75%) percent of acquaintance in rapes (Kantor and Straus, 1987; Muehlenhard and Linton, 1987; Koss et al., 1988).

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Finally, a number of studies have found a high incidence of psychopathology and personality disorders, most frequently antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality organization, or posttraumatic stress syndrome among men who assault their wives (Hamberger and Hastings, 1986, 1988, 1991; Hart et al., 1993.

Marxist/Feminist Perspectives Over four decades, feminists’, Marxists’ and other theorists’ views about sexual violence have continually changed. Marxism [Heading 3]. [Include a period at the end of a run-in heading. Note that you can include consecutive paragraphs with their own headings, where appropriate.] Feminist Perspective

Feminist struggles since the 1970s have made important gains in how state and interstate organizations respond to gender-based violence, challenging structural inequalities that increase vulnerability to gendered, racialized, geographic, and socioeconomic violence. In the global North, feminist movements’ advocacy for battered women in the 1970s and 1980s was dominated by white middle- and upper-class women and tended to focus on patriarchy as the root—and often the sole—cause of violence against women. These dominant trends were criticized from both inside and outside the movements as exclusionary in their analytical and organizing omissions. Black feminists and feminists of color from the global North and South called for engagement with global structures of economic and social inequality —racism, imperialism, and capitalism—arguing that only through attention to these complex,

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interlocking structures of oppression could a movement to end violence against women truly be transformational.

Steps being taken to end violence against women [Like all sections of your paper, references start on their own page. The references page that follows is created using the Citations & Bibliography feature, available on the References tab. This feature includes a style option that formats your references for APA 6th Edition. You can also use this feature to add in-text citations that are linked to your source, such as those shown at the end of this paragraph and the preceding paragraph. To customize a citation, rightclick it and then click Edit Citation.] (Last Name, Year)

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https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/infographic/violenceagainstwomen/en/index. html#mutilation Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name

https://marxistleftreview.org/articles/the-roots-of-sexual-violence/ https://www.marxist.com/violence-against-women-an-international-movement-in-searchof-revolution.htm https://www.nap.edu/read/5127/chapter/5#60 https://www.womenshealth.gov/files/documents/fact-sheet-relationships-safetyviolence.pdf

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