Evelyn Adam (Conceptual Model of Nursing) PDF

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Theoretical Foundations in Nursing - Interpersonal Relationship Theories and Theorists...

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INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF NURSING Evelyn Adam

BIOGRAPHY Evelyn Adam was born on April 9, 1929 at Lanark, Ontario, Canada. She was a Canadian nurse and was a member of the Order of Nurses of Quebec. Adam graduated and got her diploma from Hotel Dieu Hospital in Kingston, Ontario in 1950. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in the University of Montreal in 1966 and earned her Master’s Degree in 1971 at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 1979 her first book

entitled “Entire Infirmiere” was published to which was translated to English in 1980 under the title “To Be a Nurse” and expanded this work in 1991 with its second edition. Adam also taught at the Faculty of Nursing in University of Montreal for undergraduate and graduate students. She became a member of the Review Board for Nursing Paper: Perspective in Nursing from 1983 to 1989 at the same time a faculty secretary in University of Montreal from 1982 to 1989. In the same year of 1989, Adam retired as the University of Montreal named her Professor Emeritus. In 1992, the Laval University of Montreal awarded her Honorary Doctorate. In 1995 Adam was awarded and received the “Order Merit”, the highest distinction, in the Order of Nurses of Quebec because of her contribution in the field of nursing.

CONCEPTS, RELATIONSHIPS, MODEL AND NURSING PARADIGM Evelyn Adam’s theory, “Conceptual Model of Nursing” focuses on the development of models and theories on the concept of nursing, particularly the theories of Dorothy Johnson and Virginia Henderson. Evelyn Adam applied Virginia Henderson’s 14 Fundamental Needs and definition of nursing to Dorothy Johnson’s model, the “Behavioral System Model of Nursing” in her book, “To Be a Nurse”. Through this Adam identified the assumptions, beliefs, values and major units. She described that in order for the client to maintain the independence in the satisfaction of the 14 Fundamental Needs, the nurse’s goal is to advocate the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the client to prevent illness. The nurse should complement and supplement the client's strength, knowledge, and will. Evelyn Adam’s “Conceptual Model of Nursing” has 6 components, these are:

● Goal of the profession: The end the member of the profession strives to achieve. ● Beneficiary: A person or a group of people who the professional directs their activities like the client. ● Role: This is the part that the professional plays. It is the societal function of the professional. ● Source of Difficulty: The probable origin of the client’s difficulty to which the professional is prepared to cope. ● Intervention: The focus or center of the professional’s attention, the moment they intervene with a client. ● Consequences: The results of the professional’s effort to attain the ideal and limited goal.

Evelyn Adam contributed to the theory development using a unique basis of nursing for further expansion that provided a clear explanation in the theories of nursing with the use of earlier works.

THE METAPARADIGM OF EVELYN ADAM’S THEORY Person Based on Evelyn Adam’s “Conceptual Model of Nursing,” a person is defined as the beneficiaries, which are the people or a group of people who the professional directs their activities. By relating this to Virginia Henderson’s 14 Fundamental Needs to Dorothy Johnson’s “Behavioral System Model”, it states that in order for a person or patient to satisfy their independence to the 14 Fundamental Needs asserted in Henderson’s Theory it needs Dorothy Johnson’s “Behavioral System Model”, whose goal is to advocate the fostering of efficient and effective behavioural functioning in the patient to prevent illness through the use of nursing care. Environment In Evelyn Adam’s Theory it states that in order to maintain the supportive environment conducive for health that was included in Henderson’s 14 Fundamental Needs, it requires the application of Johnson’s “Behavioral System Model,” which affirms that all elements of the surroundings of the human system including the interior stressors should be taken into consideration. Health Based on Evelyn Adam’s Theory, health is defined as intervention, the focus or the center of the professional’s attention, the moment they intervene with a client. In relation to Henderson and Johnson’s theories health is the client’s independence to satisfy the 14 Fundamental Needs in order for good health to achieve which are influenced by different aspects such as age, health, cultural background or emotional imbalance. Thus, through nursing care, one’s health should be adjusted in which it demonstrates the behavioural system to such an extent that efficient and effective adaptation will occur. Nursing Evelyn Adam’s theory defined nursing as a role to where the professional plays his/her part and societal function. It is also defined as a source of difficulty where the professional plays his/her part and societal function by preparing to cope with the probable origin of the client’s difficulty. By relating Virginia Henderson and Dorothy Johnson’s theories, Evelyn

Adam defined nursing as a function that is to assist the individual so as to make them complete, whole, or independent in satisfying the 14 Fundamental Needs in which one specific assisting a nurse need to execute is to promote to the client the efficient and effective behavioural functioning for the purpose of preserving the organization and integration of the patient’s behaviour from demeanours that constitutes a threat to physical or social health of the client.

APPLICATION OF THE THEORY Field of Practice This conceptual model serves as a guide for nurses in using the nursing method and problem solving. The nurse is a complementary- supplementary role and must satisfy the independence of the client in his/her needs. Guided by the 14 fundamental needs, first, the practitioner will assess the independence of the client then the nurse will give care to the client like identifying the need and the source of difficulty, and planning an intervention. After all of that, it will evaluate whether it satisfies the client’s objectives or not. According to Adam, nurses carry a social mission in improving the public health by client independence. Field of Research Most theses and research in Canada, United States and other countries were based on this model. According to Adam, there are 12 questions from the conceptual model to develop research. The following are the 12 questions:

How can client independence be measured? How can his degree of dependence be quantified? What dependency problems are solved by what nursing interventions? At what point must the intervention be continued if independence is to be promoted? How can certain interventions be made more easily acceptable? How can nurses determine how much intervention is enough? What dependency problems are most often encountered among selected groups (cancer patients, the aged, the mentally confused)? 8. How does pain and anxiety affect independence? 9. How can linguistic barriers be overcome? 10. How can the nurse help certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups to be independent? 11. How can the nurse increase client participation in healthcare? 12. Is the conceptual model socially useful, significant and congruent?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Field of Academe In the book of “to be a nurse”, Adam discussed the objectives, goals and the content of the program. She got an inspiration from Henderson's nursing concept that states “the nursing curriculum is planned to prepare a health worker capable of maintaining and restoring the client's independence in the satisfaction of the fundamental needs.”. In this, the nursing students learn the complementary and supplementary role. Adam divides the program into official and unofficial content. The unofficial content includes the acquired knowledge that is not taught while the official includes everything that is being taught. She believes that the goal of clinical experiences is to impart students to help the client be independent to satisfy his/her needs....