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Saunder July 14, 2010 18:20 K10322˙C000 Saunder July 14, 2010 18:20 K10322˙C000 Saunder July 14, 2010 18:20 K10322˙C000 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor &am...

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Evolved Cellular Network Caohien Tran

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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-0649-4 (Hardback) his book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. he authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evolved cellular network planning and optimization for UMTS and LTE / editors, Lingyang Song, Jia Shen. p. cm. “A CRC title.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4398-0649-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Cell phone systems--Planning. 2. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 3. Long-term evolution (Telecommunications) I. Song, Lingyang. II. Shen, Jia, 1977- III. Title. TK5103.485.E96 2011 621.3845’6--dc22 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

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Contents Contributors ......................................................................................vii SECTION I

INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction to UMTS: WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, and LTE ....3 MATTHEW BAKER AND XIAOBO ZHANG

2 Overview of Wireless Channel Models for UMTS and LTE ......43 ABBAS MOHAMMED AND ASAD MEHMOOD

3 Virtual Drive Test........................................................................79 AVRAHAM FREEDMAN AND MOSHE LEVIN

SECTION II 3G PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION 4 WCDMA Planning and Optimization.......................................115 XUEMIN HUANG AND MEIXIA TAO

5 TD-SCDMA Network Planning and Optimization...................189 JIANHUA ZHANG AND GUANGYI LIU

SECTION III HSPA PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION 6 Capacity, Coverage Planning, and Dimensioning for HSPA ....................................................................................231 ANIS MASMOUDI AND TAREK BEJAOUI

7 Radio Resource Optimization and Scheduling Techniques for HSPA and LTE Advanced Technologies ........265 TAREK BEJAOUI, ANIS MASMOUDI, AND NIDAL NASSER v

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Contents

8 Teletraffic Engineering for HSDPA and HSUPA Cells ............297 MACIEJ STASIAK, PIOTR ZWIERZYKOWSKI, AND MARIUSZ G /LA¸BOWSKI

9 Radio Resource Management for E-MBMS Transmissions towards LTE...............................................................................331 ANTONIOS ALEXIOU, CHRISTOS BOURAS, AND VASILEIOS KOKKINOS

10 Managing Coverage and Interference in UMTS Femtocell Deployments ...........................................................361 JAY A. WEITZEN, BALAJI RAGHOTHAMAN, AND ANAND SRINIVAS

SECTION IV LTE PLANNING AND OPTIMIZATION 11 RF Planning and Optimization for LTE Networks..................399 MOHAMMAD S. SHARAWI

12 Advanced Radio Access Networks for LTE and Beyond.........433 PETAR DJUKIC, MAHMUDUR RAHMAN, HALIM YANIKOMEROGLU, AND JIETAO ZHANG

13 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Closed-Loop Power Control for 3G LTE ..................................455 BILAL MUHAMMAD AND ABBAS MOHAMMED

14 Key Technologies and Network Planning in TD-LTE Systems ....................................................................487 MUGEN PENG, CHANGQING YANG, BIN HAN, LI LI, AND HSIAO HWA CHEN

15 Planning and Optimization of Multihop Relaying Networks ...................................................................................549 FERNANDO GORDEJUELA-SANCHEZ AND JIE ZHANG

16 LTE E-MBMS Capacity and Intersite Gains ..............................587 ´ AMERICO CORREIA, RUI DINIS, NUNO SOUTO, ˜ SILVA AND JOAO

Index .................................................................................................611

Contributors Antonios Alexiou University of Patras Patras, Achaia, Greece Matthew Baker Alcatel-Lucent Cambridge, United Kingdom Tarek Bejaoui Mediatron Lab University of Carthage Sfax, Tunisia Christos Bouras University of Patras and RACTI Patras, Achaia, Greece Hsiao Hwa Chen Department of Engineering Science National Cheng Kung University Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China Am´erico Correia Instituto de Telecomunicac¸o˜ es ISCTE-IUL Lisboa, Portugal Rui Dinis Instituto de Telecomunicac¸o˜ es FCT-UNL Caparica, Portugal

Petar Djukic Department of Septenes and Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada Avraham Freedman NICE Systems Ltd. Intelligence Solutions Division Ra’anana, Israel Mariusz G /la¸bowski Poznan University of Technology Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Chair of Communications and Computer Networks Poznan, Poland Fernando Gordejuela-Sánchez Centre for Wireless Network Design (CWiND) University of Bedfordshire Luton, United Kingdom Bin Han Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing, People’s Republic of China Xuemin Huang NG Networks Co., Ltd. Suzhou, People’s Republic of China vii

viii
Contributors

Vasileios Kokkinos University of Patras and RACTI Patras, Achaia, Greece Moshe Levin NICE Systems Ltd. Cellular Technology Department Ra’anana, Israel Li Li Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing, People’s Republic of China Guangyi Liu Research Institute of China Mobile Beijing, People’s Republic of China Anis Masmoudi Mediatron Lab University of Carthage Tunisia and ISECS Institute University of Sfax Sfax, Tunisia Asad Mehmood Department of Signal Processing School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge, Sweden Abbas Mohammed Department of Signal Processing School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology Blekinge, Sweden Bilal Muhammad Department of Electronics Engineering IQRA University Peshawar Campus NWFP Peshawar, Pakistan

Nidal Nasser Department of Computing and Information Science University of Guelph Guelph, Canada Mugen Peng Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing, People’s Republic of China Balaji Raghothamon Airvana Chelmsford, Massachusetts Mahmudur Rahman Department of Septenes and Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada Mohammad S. Sharawi Electrical Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dharan, Saudi Arabia Jo˜ ao Silva Instituto de Telecomunicac¸o˜ es ISCTE-IUL Lisbon, Portugal Nuno Souto Instituto de Telecomunicac¸o˜ es ISCTE-IUL Lisboa, Portugal Anand Srinivas Airvana Chelmsford, Massachusetts

Contributors
ix Maciej Stasiak Poznan University of Technology Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Chair of Communications and Computer Networks Poznan, Poland Meixia Tao Institute of Wireless Communication Technology Department of Electronic Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Jay Weitzen Airvana and university of Massachusetts Lowell ECE Department Chelmsford, Massachusetts Changqing Yang Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing, People’s Republic of China Halim Yanikomeroglu Department of Septenes and Computer Engineering Carleton University Ottawa, Canada

Jianhua Zhang Wireless Technology Innovation (WTI) Institute of Beijing University of Posts and Telecom Beijing, People’s Republic of China Jie Zhang Centre for Wireless Network Design (CWiND) University of Bedfordshire Luton, United Kingdom

Jietao Zhang Huawei Wireless Research Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China

Xiaobo Zhang Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Piotr Zwierzykowski Poznan University of Technology Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications Chair of Communications and Computer Networks Poznan, Poland

INTRODUCTION

I

Chapter 1

Introduction to UMTS: WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, and LTE Matthew Baker and Xiaobo Zhang Contents 1.1 1.2

1.3

Progression of Mobile Communication Provision .................................. 4 UMTS ............................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Use of CDMA in UMTS ......................................................... 9 1.2.1.1 Principles of CDMA ................................................. 9 1.2.1.2 CDMA in UMTS ................................................... 10 1.2.1.3 Power Control ....................................................... 14 1.2.1.4 Soft Handover and Soft Capacity .............................. 15 1.2.2 Deployment Techniques in UMTS ......................................... 17 1.2.2.1 Transmit Diversity .................................................. 17 1.2.2.2 Receiver Techniques ............................................... 18 1.2.3 Network Planning Considerations for UMTS .......................... 19 HSPA ............................................................................................. 20 1.3.1 Principles of HSPA ............................................................... 20 1.3.1.1 Dynamic Multiuser Scheduling ................................ 21 1.3.1.2 Link Adaptation ..................................................... 22 1.3.1.3 Hybrid ARQ .......................................................... 22 1.3.1.4 Short Subframe Length ........................................... 23 1.3.2 MBMS for HSPA ................................................................. 24 1.3.3 HSPA Evolution ................................................................... 25 3

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Evolved Cellular Network Planning and Optimization

1.4

TD-SCDMA .................................................................................. 26 1.4.1 Historical Perspective of TD-SCDMA .................................... 26 1.4.1.1 TD-SCDMA Standardization in 3GPP and CCSA ..... 27 1.4.2 Deployment of TD-SCDMA ................................................. 27 1.4.3 Key TD-SCDMA-Specific Technologies ................................. 27 1.4.3.1 Time Synchronization ............................................. 28 1.4.3.2 Smart Antennas ...................................................... 28 1.4.3.3 Joint Detection ...................................................... 29 1.4.3.4 Baton Handover ..................................................... 30 1.4.3.5 Multi-carrier TD-SCDMA and TD-SCDMA HSDPA ................................................................. 30 1.5 LTE and Beyond ............................................................................. 31 1.5.1 Context of LTE .................................................................... 31 1.5.2 Principles of LTE ................................................................. 31 1.5.2.1 Multi-Carrier Multiple Access .................................. 32 1.5.2.2 Multi-Antenna Technology ..................................... 34 1.5.2.3 Packet-Switched Radio Interface ............................... 36 1.5.2.4 Flat Network Architecture ....................................... 37 1.5.2.5 Evolved MBMS ...................................................... 37 1.5.3 Network Planning Considerations for LTE .............................. 38 1.5.3.1 Interference Management ........................................ 38 1.5.3.2 Other Aspects of Network Planning .......................... 39 1.5.3.3 Network Self-Optimization ..................................... 39 1.5.4 Future Development of LTE .................................................. 40 1.6 Network Planning and Optimization ................................................. 41 References ................................................................................................ 42

1.1 Progression of Mobile Communication Provision A key aim of modern cellular communication networks is to provide high-capacity coverage over a wide area. The cellular concept was first deployed in the U.S. in 1947. By breaking the coverage area down into many small cells, the total system capacity could be substantially increased, enabling more users to be served simultaneously. The first cellular systems avoided interference between the cells by assigning a particular operating frequency to each cell; cells in the same vicinity were assigned different frequencies. The level of inter-cell interference in such systems can be reduced by assigning more frequencies, at the expense of reduced spectral efficiency. The total number of frequencies used is termed the frequency reuse factor. A high frequency reuse factor gives good isolation between cells but makes poor use of the scarce and expensive spectrum resource. An example of a cellular network with a frequency reuse factor of 3 is shown in Figure 1.1.

Introduction to UMTS: WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, and LTE
5

Frequency 1 Frequency 2 Frequency 3

Figure 1.1 An example of a cellular communication network with frequency reuse factor 3.

The use of different frequencies in cells that are close to each other continued as the predominant cellular technique for the next four decades, up to and including the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), which was the first cellular system to achieve worldwide penetration, with billions of users. Such widespread deployment has led to a high level of understanding of network planning issues for GSM, in particular in relation to frequency reuse planning. Practical network deployments are never as straightforward as the simplistic example shown in Figure 1.1, and complex software tools have been developed to model propagation conditions and enable optimal frequency assignments to be achieved. Projections of increasing demand for wide-area communications supporting new applications requiring high data rates led to the development of a new generation of cellular communication system in the late 1980s and the 1990s. These systems became known as 3rd Generation systems, aiming to fulfil the requirements set out by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the so-called IMT-2000∗ family. Broadly speaking, such systems aimed to achieve data rates up to 2 Mbps. The 3rd Generation system which has become dominant worldwide was developed in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and is known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP is a partnership of six regional Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) covering Europe (ETSI), Japan (ARIB and TTC), Korea (TTA), North America (ATIS), and China (CCSA). ∗

International Mobile Telecommunications for the year 2000.

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Evolved Cellular Network Planning and Optimization

1G (analogue)

2G (digital, e.g., GSM)

3G (IMT-2000 family, e.g., UMTS)

4G (IMT-advanced family, e.g., LTE-advanced)

Figure 1.2 The generations of mobile communication systems.

In contrast to the time division multiple access (TDMA) used by GSM, UMTS used a new paradigm in multiple access technology, being based on code division multiple access (CDMA) technology. CDMA technology had been known for decades from military applications, but its suitability for use in cellular systems was not demonstrated until the 1990s when it was used in the American “IS95” standard. The use of CDMA requires a fundamental change in cellular network planning and deployment strategies, largely resulting from the fact that it enables a frequency reuse factor of 1 to be used. This can achieve high spectral efficiency but necessitates careful control of inter-cell interference. The principles of CDMA as utilized in UMTS are discussed in the following section, together with an introduction to some of the resulting network planning and deployment issues. The subsequent sections of this chapter introduce the evolutions of UMTS which continue to be developed. First, high-speed packet access (HSPA) brings a significant shift from predominantly circuit-switched applications requiring roughly constant data rates toward packet-switched data traffic. This is accompanied by new quality of service (QoS) requirements and consequent changes for network planning. In parallel with the widespread deployment and continuing development of HSPA, a radical new step is also available in the form of the long-term evolution (LTE) of UMTS. LTE aims to provide a further major step forward in the provision of mobile data services, and will become widely deployed in the second decade of the 21st century. LTE continues with the spectrally efficient frequencyreuse-1 of UMTS, but introduces new dimensions for optimization in the frequency and spatial domains. Like UMTS, LTE itself is progressively evolving, with the next major development being known as LTE-advanced (LTE-A), which may reasonably be said to be a 4th Generation system. The succession of generations of mobile communication system are illustrated in Figure 1.2.

1.2 UMTS The first release of the UMTS specifications became available in 1999 and is known as “Release 99.” It provides for two modes of operation depending on the availability of suitable spectrum: the frequency-division duplex (FDD) mode, suitable for paired spectrum, uses one carrier frequency in each direction, while the time-division duplex (TDD) mode allows UMTS to be deployed in an unpaired spectrum by using different time slots for uplink and downlink transmissions on a single carrier frequency.

Introduction to UMTS: WCDMA, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, and LTE
7

One of the principle differences of UMTS compared to previous cellular systems such as GSM is that it is designed to be a wideband system. In general, this means that the transmission bandwidth is greater than the coherence bandwidth of the radio channel. This is advantageous in terms of making the system more robust against multipath fading and narrowband interference. In UMTS FDD mode, this is achieved by means of a 5-MHz transmission bandwidth: Regardless of the data rate of the application, the signal bandwidth is spread to 5 MHz to make use of the full diversity of the available channel. In Release 99, the TDD mode of UMTS also makes use of a 5-MHz carrier bandwidth, but i...