Exam 1 study guide - Lecture notes 1-20 PDF

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Human Geography Study Guide: Exam 1 NOTE: Not everything we talk about in lecture will be on here, and not everything on here may be covered in lecture due to time constraints. That being said, this will serve as a guide to what material we will be covering when and it’s fine to use this as a reference guide in class.

What is geography? What is human geography? ● Geography is the study of lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena ● the branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects or is influenced by the earth's surface. What is the difference between space and place? ● Place ○ Where space has meaning attached ○ The intimate- smell, touch, sound, even taste ○ The conceptual- symbolic representation Space is something abstract, without any substantial meaning. While place refers to how people are aware of/attracted to a certain piece of space. What does it mean to experience “placelessness?” ● ●

When places become less distinguishable from each other Corresponding ;pss of individuality

What does sense of place have to do with your mental map? What are the two types of location? Can you give an example of each? ●

Absolute location ○ The place you are as defined by set parameters, such as latitude and longitude ○ Also cardinal directions ○ PRIME MERIDIAN ○ INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE

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○ MAP SCALE Relative location ○ The place are in relation to existing reference points, but not standardized one ○ For example, the location of the US Capitol is located about 38 miles

southwest of Baltimore. Absolute location What is the Prime Meridian? Why is it important? You know Prime meridian is a longitude. All longitudes are of same importance but with the help of prime meridian(0°longitude) we can navigate whether we are going east or west. You may say prime meridian is the boundary line of East and West on the earth. It is also helpful in determining time zone . What are the three types of region? Do they overlap? Three common types of regions are formal regions, which are defined formally by government or other structures, such as cities, states, and mountain ranges; functional regions, which consist of a central place and the surrounding areas that are dependent upon that place, such as a metropolitan area 'vernacular region' is a distinctive area where the inhabitants collectively consider themselves interconnected by a shared history, mutual interests, and a common identity What is globalization? Why is this a tricky topic? Globalization. The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The processes of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales. What do we mean when we say “landscape” in human geography? All things that make a place uniqie are written on the landscape.The natural landscape as modified by human activities, bearing the imprint of a culture group or society. What is site and what is situation? How do they relate to space and place?

Site is the exact location of a city, you can find it on a map. The situation of a city relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural. --What is culture? What parts of your life make up your cultural background? ●

“A dynamic process through which humans create, learn, and change, shared behaviors, beliefs, values, meanings and practices.”

Does culture change over time? yes but with human Do humans make culture, or does culture influence humans? humans make culture Give two examples each of material and nonmaterial culture. What is the major difference between folk culture and indigenous culture? Give at least one example of diaspora culture. 6th century exile of Jews from outside Israel to Babylon. What makes pop culture influential? media Name one particular subculture (we discussed fandom subculture in class) and describe it. What are the different diffusion models? How do they sort (remember the flowchart)? ● Diffusion literally just means “spread” ● There are two major branches to diffusion models: expansion and relocation models Hierarchical Diffusion THE ABSTRACT REMAINS THE SAME BUT THE CONDITIONS IN THE NEW PLACE MIGHT NOT ALLOW IT TO WORK Relocation diffusion is the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

What are the ways cultures reconcile? Which one is the “best” outcome for a host and new culture? HOW DO CULTURE RECONCILE? ● When people from one culture one culture interact with another, there are some different patterns of integration we see.

ASSIMILATION ● New participants in the host culture adopt new traits and often lost their old traits in the process ● This can be forcible or voluntary ● Something this includes language and religion ACCULTURATION ● New participants in a host culture pick up some elements, but not all, of the host culture, and retain their own heritage as well ● Think about how folk and indigenous culture traits work here TRANSCULTURATION ● The ideal end of acculturation- the host culture absorbs some characteristics from the new participants in its society, and the new members of its society adopt some characteristics of the host culture! ● This forms a totally new society and rarely happens ● Historic example: latin American former colonies, when becoming independent nations, choosing to integrate cultural traits of indigenous people, former slaves, and white colonizers. How do you calculate population density? What is the difference between population density and physiological density?

POPULATION DENSITY ● How many people live in a given are ● Simple equation: population/area *Meats and bounds system

Physiological density ● How many people live in a given farmable area ● Simple equation: people/ arable land

Where are the majority of countries with high population density? eastern asia Where are the majority of countries with high physiological density? southeast asia What is Malthus’ theory about food and population? Which line is linear and which curves? ● Believed that we would eventually run out of resources and civilization would collapse

Carrying capacity ● The maximum population that can survive in a given environment ● Related to malthusian theory ● Climate and physical geography obviously affect this… what else? Was Malthus right? Be able to calculate the Rule of 72.

The rule of 72 ● To estimate the rate at which a country or region will double its population, take the rate of annual increase as a percentage, then divide 72 into this rate. The value given will be the number of years it will take before the population wis double in size ● Natural annual growth in the us is about 0.4%

How do we define life expectancy? Is it the same or different across genders? Countries?

Life expectancy how long your life is estimated to exist at birth

Where is life expectancy the best globally (extra points for specific country?) Where is life expectancy the lowest? What is the reason for that? Japan central africa republic

Where is life expectancy the best and worst in the United States? worst in mississippi best in hawaii Are rates of life expectancy increasing or decreasing? increasing Be able to interpret a crude birth rate ratio. What is the adequate total fertility rate of replacement? 2.1 children per replacement What age range of women are included in total fertility rate calculations? under 50 years old What problem is China facing in terms of population in the near future? not enough working able bodies Can you have a negative fertility rate? yes What are some reasons birth rates change? Be able to interpret a crude mortality rate. Be able to interpret an infant mortality rate. Are infant deaths the same or different among racial and ethnic groups in the United States? different

Are causes of death the same between genders in the United States? yes What are the differences between the two main types of migration? ● Internal migration. This refers to a change of residence within national boundaries, such as between states, provinces, cities, or municipalities. ... ● International migration. This refers to change of residence over national boundaries.

What’s the difference between immigration and emigration? ● Immigration is coming IN to a new country ● Emigration is leaving FOR a new country

What are some reasons for voluntary migration? What are some reasons for forced migration? Reasons for forced migration ● Fear of violence is a common one, especially violence towards women, children, or LGBTQ people ● Threats people face in their home country die to their religions ● Famine is a rising reason ● Climate change is a new, but also rising, reason--thanks to sea level rise

What is the difference between a refugee and an asylee? ● Refugee: someone who leaves their home country and seeks out shelter in a different country due to fear of persecution or death ● Asylee: someone who is refugee, but who is already in a new country; when they declare it makes this different What is an Internally Displaced Person (IDP?) ● Internally displaced person (IDP): someone who is not in their home city/area, bt still within their home country.

What is a push factor? What is a pull factor? Give two examples of each. ● push factor : something that makes you want to leave you home country ● Pull something that makes you want ot go to a specific new country

What is TPS (Temporary Protected Status? ● If a person from a TPS country in the United States illegally, they will be deferred from deportation. To qualify for TPS, the countries may be experiencing: ○ Ongoing armed conflict ○ And environmental disaster, or an epidemic ○ Other extraordinary temporary ○ What is DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals?) ● Deferred action for childhood arrivals ○ Does not give a path to citizenship ○ For those brought under the age of 16 before 2007 ○ Must be renewed every two years, with a fee of $600 to file ○ Participants can legally work, but there are other problems-- like DACA recipients have to pay international fees, even if they’ve lived in the US since they were infants ○ Participants must also possess a GED or more/be i school to qualify

What countries are TPS recipients from? Name two. Is it easy to gain DACA status? Is it easy to attain a US Visa? What is the Bracero Program? How long did it go on? ● In the 1940’s through the 60’s, mexican workers were able to cross the US-mexican boarder to work under the Bracero Program ○ Basically, the US was fighting WWII, and crops were rotting… enter a new labor force ○ This was seasonal to crops, and participants

What policy eradicated the ejido system of farming in Mexico? What is NAFTA (and what does it stand for?) NAFTA- NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ● Acronym in french is ALENA ● Efforts to reduce trade barriers between countries in the north american sphere ● Agriculture was negotiated separately between each two members and is the most controversial ● President Trump is trying to rewrite NAFTA to benefit americans, but NAFTA has… done that all along, for the most part

Who is hurt the most in NAFTA? Texas and unemployed people What makes NAFTA good for the US, Canada, and Mexico? no tariffs Where are labor markets shifting – away from ________ and to _________________. What is xenophobia? dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries.

What is the kafala system? The kafala system is an exploitative system used to monitor migrant laborers, working primarily in the construction and domestic sectors in Gulf Cooperation Council member states and a few neighbouring countries, namely Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Who is most vulnerable in the kafala system? How many languages are spoken around the world? 7,000 How do we determine what makes it a language versus a dialect?

● Separate language: language is not mutually understood by someone who speaks a different language ● Dialect: language aspects are understood- not all of it, but some ● What’s interesting is that linguists now consider dialects to be built from “features” that are socially constructed ○ There’s no such thing as a set dialect, but rather a set of features that, put together, present a particular characterization ○ Textbook uses the outdated term “ethnolect”- not appropriate anymore

What social and/or political events can create new languages? What physical features of the earth can create new languages? ● Different regions separated by physical geography created original distinctions of languages, byt culture plays a significant role in maintenance of language

What are the big three language families? ● Three major language families, lots of minor language families ● Big ones ○ Indo-European family ○ Sino- Tibetan family ○ Afro- Asiatic family ● Less known ○ Altaic ○ niger-congo ○ Austronesian SINO= CHINA/CHINESE Language isolate What is the language spoken most around the world? What language family is it part of? What about the second and third language? What language families are they part of? What historical event separated South America by language? (You don’t need to know the name of the treaty or the year it was signed, but generally what happened?)

What language did we watch a video on, in which the governing body in charge of the language made some changes and people were quite upset about it? What is an isogloss? Where can you find isoglosses? ISOGLOSSES- borders of language ● Where language stops and changes in its form or words usage ● This can be within a country or a region ● Can be specific words or colloquialisms

Can you give an example of a country with well-defined regions of language? indonesia Why do languages become endangered or extinct? not many speakers or elderly What is the difference between a vulnerable and an endangered language? ● Languages can go extinct if there are on longer speakers to teacher others there is a ranking system for this under unesco ● Just under half of a languages are endangered; 4% are extinct

How do emojis teach us things about language? (Open-ended) ● Use of word pictures instead of literal words ● Makes intentions clear if words or language are complicated ● Texting shortcuts are also in our speech patterns ○ “Lol” is a shortcut… not a logograph, but it counts as an alteration to our commonly spoken english

What do suggestive emojis do in the place of language that is more explicit? What does the term logographic mean in the context of emojis?

In a written language, a logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or phrase. Chinese characters are logograms; some Egyptian hieroglyphs and some graphemes in cuneiform script are also logograms. How is English being changed by texting shortcuts? How can languages be fetishized? What example(s) were given in class? ● Intended to say “seven rings” ● Instead translates to “small charcoal grill” ● A correction was intended to fix it, but instead the tattoo

How does AR (augmented reality) have a role in language development? (Video ref here) What is a toponym? What makes it different than a place name? ● Toponym- a place name, but also all the baggage and cultural connotations associated with what that place name represents ● iconography - what’s being said in the landscape without specific articulationwhat we can see and understand about a place via its images What is Bde Maka Ska/Lake Calhoun? Why do we care about this language debate?

How does iconography shape the landscape as much as explicit word choice? How does language play a role in religion? ● Some faiths use languages specifically in religious service ● Latin was formerly used in the roman catholic church until Vatican II (1960’s); some churches still use it ● The call to prayer for muslims is in arabic and is sounded five times a day ● Remember what the OJibwe said about their language? How it is lived and part of their culture? What are the three major religious categories we discussed, in terms of their outreach and engagement with potential new followers? ● Proselytic- actively seek new members ● Ethnic- associated with one particular people group and not especially interested in new members

● Syncretic- comprised of elements of several other religious traditions

What are the three major Abrahamic religions? What religious texts do they use? How do they rank in age to each other? How about in terms of followers? Do any have a set dominant language used for scripture/teaching/education? ● Judaism- 4000 years old; monotheistic, and associated with the Diaspora, which created the Ashenazim, Sephardim, and Mizrachim groups- Torah is the religious text ● Christainity- world’s largest religion (2.3 billion); monotheistic, but with the concept of the trinity - Bible is a religious text, but divisions exist as to how many books it contains

What are the five pillars of Islam? Is sharia one of these pillars? Islam- second largest religion (1.8 billion); monotheistic, founded by Muhammed in 610 CE, split in two major groups due to questions of succession following Muhammed’s death- quran is the religious text, and Profession of Faith (shahada). Sharia literally means law, so “sharia law” means “law law” ● The majority of sharia heas to do with day to day dealings with others and the self- it has nothing to do with “hold wars” ● This is different than five pillars of islam ○ SHAHADAH- profession of belief in Allah, and that muhammad is his propeht ○ SALAT- praying five times a day ○ ZAKAT- paying a tithe for the poor/ those in need ○ SAWM- fasting during the month of Ramadan ○ HAJJ- making at least one journey to Mecca, the most sacred city

How old is Hinduism? What are some major tenets related to Hinduism? What is the holy book associated with Hinduism (possibly tricky to answer)? ● Hinduism- many thousands of years old; polytheistic, with about 1.1 billion followers, and non-proselytic. No set holy book, but some common tenets:

○ All humans are in pursuit of dharma- the truth that lies at the heart of everyone person ○ Ahimsa- what you do in this life will have an impact on your next life via reincarnation ○ Moksha- ultimate liberation, when reincarnation is no longer neededyou’ve reached dharma

How is Buddhism related to Hinduism? When was Buddhism established? What are the four noble truths of Buddhism? Originally part of Hinduism, but has evolved away from its parent religion to a large degree ● At least 2500 years old, founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama ● Four Noble truths: ○ Life is full of suffering ○ Desire is the cause of suffering ○ Cessation of suffering is hand in hand with cessation of desire ○ Following the eightfold path allows this cessation

What is Taoism? (How is it pronounced?) What makes Taoism somewhat different to other religious movements and groups we discussed? ● Tao- the force that balances the universe ● Almost more philosophy than religion; Confucianism was promoted extensively by the Han dynasty in China (206 BC) as their state philosophy ● Taoism holds three principles to be most important: ○ Humility ○ Compassion ○ Moderation ● Taoism is often represented with the ying-yang symbol

What is Shinto? How is it similar to animism? What makes Shinto different (geographically) than animistic faiths? These faiths are very much regionally- focused; shintoism is found almost exclusively in Japan, while animism is found in groups throughout the world ● The major idea here is that there are spiritual creatures that exist in our surroundings, not just those we can see. ○ For some animists, these creatures are uniquely tied to places, whereas other believed they are parts of a larger spiritual being ○ We see animist beliefs in North America, Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, but one could classify druid faiths as animist a...