Study Guide - Lecture exam 1 PDF

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Lecture Exam 1 Study Guide This is meant to help guide your studying. It is not all inclusive and perfect by any means. Review your lecture notes, read the book, look at the Self-Quiz questions at the ends of the chapters. The Critical Thinking questions are useful as well. Try making up your own questions. Chapter 1 Understand the following terms: Virology- study of viruses, bacteriology- study of bacteria, protozoology- study of protozoa, phycology- study of algae, mycology- study of fungi, parasitology- study of parasitic organisms Why are microbes used in research? (3 reasons) Small, edit their DNA, reproduce fast, simple: less variables, and inexpensive to maintain Identify reasons for studying microbiology and why it is important. Be familiar with the germ theory of disease and Koch’s postulates. What was spontaneous generation? Know the contributions of the following scientists: Pasteur- Developed rabies vaccine Linnaeus- Taxonomy Schleiden and Schwann- Cell theory Redi- Meat jar experiment Koch- 4 postulates for linking organisms to a specific disease, germ theory Semmelweis- Antiseptic procedures Jenner- Smallpox Who developed the first microscopes? Hook and Van Leeuwenhoek

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Chapter 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

What are the differences between electron microscopy and light microscopy? What is TEM? What is SEM? What is different about the 2 of them? What are the benefits of using a wet mount? What are disadvantages? What are the benefits of making a smear? How would you do this? What are the 3 things that result from heat fixing a smear? Why would you stain a smear? What is a simple stain? What is a differential stain? Give examples of each and why they would be used.

Chapter 4 8. Contrast the characteristics of eurkaryotic and prokaryotic cells. 9. Describe the shapes and arrangements of prokaryotic bacterial cells. 10. Describe the basic structure and function of the bacterial cell wall and cell membrane. What are the differences between G+ and G-.

11. List and describe the internal cell components of bacteria. 12. What are endospores? What are two examples of bacteria that produce them. When are they produced? 13. Describe the endosymbiotic theory and what eukaryotic organelles may have evolved from it. 14. How do bacteria move? Be familiar with the types of flagella (atrichous, amphi, lopo, peri, mono). 15. What organisms have an axial filament? 16. What are the functions of the bacterial cell wall? 17. Compare and contrast the cell walls of Gram + and Gram – bacteria. 18. What is LPS? What else is it called? Why is it important? 19. What are conjugation and attachment pili? Why are they important? 20. What’s a protoplast? What is a spheroplast? 21. What organism does not have cell walls and would be difficult to Gram stain? 22. What is the function of a capsule? 23. What is a plasmid?

Chapter 6 24. Describe binary fission. 25. How can you measure bacterial growth? a. Explain serial dilutions. b. What is a spread plate, what is a pour plate? c. What is a CFU? d. What is an example of a direct count? e. What is an example of an indirect measurement of growth? f. When would you use the most probably number to determine the number of cells you have? g. Explain how to do a serial dilution and determine the number of organisms you have. 26. Understand the factors that influence cell growth and the vocabulary that is used to describe organisms that live under those conditions. Such as: a. b. c. d.

Acidophiles, neutrophils, alkaliphiles Psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles Facultative vs obligate Obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, microaerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate anerobe e. Barophile, halophile f. Fastidious 27. What types of things are essential for growth? 28. Media – what are different types of media, what are they used for? a. What is agar? What is broth?

b. Compare and contrast, give examples of defined vs complex media. What are advantages/disadvantages of both. c. Selective, differential, enriched d. What is an example of a “living” media? What would you grow in it? e. What are growth factors that are required in media? 29. Graph and explain the 4 major phases of bacteria growth.

Chapter 5 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

What is metabolism? Anabolism? Catabolism? What are endoenzymes? What are exoenzymes? What is the function of exoenzymes? Give some examples of exoenzymes. Know the exoenzymes and organisms in the chart included in the ppt. 35. Be familiar with the vocabulary used to classify organisms: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph. 36. Understand the metabolic processes that bacteria use to produce ATP. 37. Be familiar with the three fermentation pathways discussed in class....