Exam 1 study guide PDF

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Glenn Tsunokai...

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Race and Ethnicity Basics Ex: Education, family, religion and plotics What is sociology? What are some alternatives to social research? Scientific study of human relationships and patterns Alternatives to social research: Authority Tradition Common sense Media myths Personal experience How does sociology differ from psychology? Scientific study of human relationships and patterns of behavior Theoretical frameworks, collection methods, and empirical examination produce knowledge about the world Tries to uncover social forces that influence behaviors Psychologists are interested with the individual o What is going on in their head, how it impacts their behavior Sociologists are more interested in how groups of people work together o (big picture) - Soc are interested in the past, present, and future(and try to make predictions) What is the difference between stratification and inequality? Stratification: inequality has been institutionalized and there is a system of social relationships that determine who gets what and why Inequality is a condition whereby people have unequal access to valued resource, services and positions in society What is the difference between ascribed and achieved characteristics? - Ascribed Status: born with, i.e. skin color. - Achieved characteristics: something that someone achieves in their lifetime. i.e. pulling themselves up by their bootstraps. o Characteristics that can be acquired . What is an institution? (know some examples) How do institutions help to reify race? Institution: permanent patterns of roles, groups, organizations and activities that meet fundamental social needs

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i.e. education, family, religion, politics,

Power, authority, and prestige (how are they different from each other?) Power: the ability to control events or determine behavior of others despite resistance Authority: a specific form of control where the right to command is considered appropriate or legitimate, o Not always coupled with power Prestige: widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality o Social honor or popularity Values, beliefs, norms, and culture (how are they different from each other?); What is the relationship between culture and social structure? Values: standards of desirability—collective judgement Culture: values, beliefs, and norms that humans pass from one generation to another o Norms that make up a culture. Norms: rules that define what behavior is expected. Beliefs: ideas/assumptions about the nature of social and physical realities Know the differences between basic and applied research. Basic: advances knowledge about how the social world works Applied: research that attempts to solve a concrete problem or address a specific policy question o Research as direct practical implications ● Praxis What is the differences between a micro and macro approach? Micro: small groups, examines patterns Macro: large scale social relations *true difference is the size of the group they study

What is theory?

Statements of how and why particular facts about the social world are related. A system of ideas that explain how things work. Know the basic assumptions for each theoretical framework (functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionist perspective) Functionalism: a stable, cooperative system in which everything has a function o Societal elements function together to maintain order, stability, and equilibrium. o If an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society's stability of survival it will not be passed on Conflict theory: society is based on concerns and force not consensus o Constant trouble between have and have nots o Change comes through conflict disequilibrium and change are the norm o Groups vying for control--exploiting others Interactionist perspective: people define their reality through the process called the social construction of reality o Through their interactions in daily life, people create symbols What does praxis mean? -

Transforming knowledge into social actions

Race and Ethnicity: Be familiar with the six factors that are associated with Obama’s presidential victory (Online Article #1)

1) a perfect storm – people had to drop out, gave keynote speech at 2004 dnc, Iowa, people ready for change. 2) many white bigots actually voted for Obama 3) two logical fallacies underlie the post-racism contention 4)racist attitudes and actions repeatedly erupted during both the primary and final campaign 5) in many southern states, the white vote for Obama significantly shrunk from 2000 and 2004 Democratic party totals, and the elderly white democratic vote throughout the nation similarly declined. 6) the increase in both voter registration and turnout of young, minority and independent voters were critical. What is the difference between the ecological fallacy and the constant turnout composition fallacy (Online Article #1) Ecological fallacy: draws conclusions about individuals from macro level data alone. It is a fallacy because macro units are too broad to determine individual data, and individuals have unique properties that cannot be directly inferred from just macro data o Ex) television's talking heads often are confused by the fact that rich states tend to support democrats while poor states tend to support republicans-yet rich individual voters tend to vote republican while the poor overwhelmingly vote democratic The constant turnout composition fallacy: involves assumptions that the presidential electorate in 2008 was essentially the same as it was in 2004. Thus, easy comparisons can be made between the two elections without allowing for these changes. But in 2004, both political parties achieved historically large turnouts. Four years later, the republican turnout fell with many on the extreme right of the party failing to vote. but the skillful Obama campaign orchestrated a record number of democrats coming to the polls, especially among the young, minorities, political independents, and the most liberal wing of the party. According to the American Sociological Association, why should we still collect racial data? -

A sorting mechanism for mating, marriage and adoption o A stratifying practice for providing or denying access to resources o An organizing device for mobilization to maintain or challenge systems of racial stratification o A basis for scientifically investigating proximate causes

What is race? (there are a number of course slides that address this particular question) -

Inherited physical characteristics. Socio-political construct, race isn’t biological

Ozawa versus the United States (be familiar with the major outcome) 1922 case that said Caucasians are white Ozawa was an immigrant, went to college, from japan, some Asians were considered white but not him, he is a mongoloid, and therefore cannot be a citizen Thind versus the United States (be familiar with the major outcome) 1922 case that dictated white is not something that can be scientifically determined but white is something that is subjectively understood by the common man Thind was an Indian man, which meant he was Caucasian therefore should have been considered white, but court ruled jk, even though you are Caucasian, you don’t count because you are brown

Know the five characteristics of a minority group; what is an ideal type? -

1) group member practice endogamy o Marry, friend people within group 2) unequal treatment 3) easily identifiable because of physical or cultural markers that are held in low self esteem 4) sense of people-hood 5) ascribe d characteristics What factors affect whether or not a certain group will be included within American society?ism

POWER, VOLUNTARY, SIZE AND TIME, ETHNIC/RACIAL SIMILARITIES. 1) differences in social power. How powerful the group is at time of entry

2) voluntary or involuntary. Immigrant or colonialism 3) group size, concentration and time of entry. Bigger groups are threats. (ex. Irish; time of entry important because if we are in a bad time economically the newcomers could take our jobs. 4) ethnic and racial similarities What are the consequences of minority group status? (know how each consequence is different from each other; you do not need to know the ordering of the consequences) Exterminate- most extreme way to deal with a minority group is to exterminate it o Genocide: deliberate, systematic, killing of an entire people or nation Expulsion: force people to leave certain areas o Ex: natives Secession- minority group leaves and becomes own majority Segregation: physical separation of two groups - Fusion- occurs when a minority group and majority group combine to form a new group. (melting pot) o A+B+C=D Assimilation: all groups take on characteristics of dominant group o A+B+C=A Pluralism: implies that various groups in a society have mutual respect for one another’s cultures. A respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering negative consequences. o A+B+C=A+B+C What is the popular image of Americanization? (be familiar with the experiences of the different generations [e.g., what generation is more likely to suffer from dual culture conflict? What generation is more likely to hold on to their culture or language? What generation has supposedly assimilated?] 1st gen- traditionalist 2nd gen- bi culture (often tugged between two cultures) - dual culture conflict o Ex) asian families where parents expect son to take care of them when he has grown but that’s not how it works in America and maybe his wife doesn’t want her parent in laws to live with them rd 3 gen- assimilationist

o Curious about their culture o May want to make a homage trip, learn about their language/heritage Be familiar with the four dimensions of adaptation (e.g., cultural, secondary, primary, and marital assimilation) Cultural: members of a group relinquish their own cultural and simultaneously adopt dominant culture (assimilation) Secondary: integrated in public sphere equal status relationships between sub and dom in public spheres o School, work, etc Primary: secondary, but with private sphere Marital: final step of minority disappearance. Marriage between sub and dominant groups Primary and marital are the most closely related Be familiar with symbolic ethnicity and principle of third generation interests. Symbolic ethnicity: often 3rd generation, o Vaguely connected to ancestors o Id doesn’t affect their everyday life o May stress ID, ignore or maintain any degree of ethnic ID § Ex) someone who is Irish but only shows it on saints Patrick’s day Principal of 3rd generation interest: the third generation is usually assimilated, but will get curious about their culture, may want to make a homage trip, and learn their language, etc. -

Be familiar with the typology concerning identity selection (e.g., traditionalist, assimilationist, biculturalist, and marginalist) Traditionalist: ethnic identity high, assimilation low might self ID as German or Japanese without the hyphen Assimilationist: assimilation high, ethnic identity low o Might self ID as American or white Biculturalist: assimilation high, ethnic identity high ● Example: Japanese-American -

Marginalist: assimilation low, ethnic identity low ● Example: Us citizen

Ethnic High

Ethnic Low

Assimilation High

Biculturalist

Assimilationist

Assimilation Low

Traditionalist

Marginalist

Know the term racial formation (Chapter #1) - A sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhibited, transformed and destroyed. Know the term marginality (Chapter #1) The status of being between two cultures at the same time, such as the status of Jewish immigrants in the United States Know the term panethnicity (Chapter #1) The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups as reflected in the terms Hispanic and Asian American Know the differences between migration, emigration, and immigration (Chapter #1) Emigrate: to leave one’s country to live in another (to settle or colonize that country) Immigrate: to come to another country to live permanently Migrate: is to move, transfer of population ● Example: Angela emigrated to America. Angela immigrated from Mexico. Angela’s family migrated from Mexico. You emigrate out, immigrate in Know the term segmented assimilation (Chapter #1) The outcome of immigrants and their descendants moving into different classes of the host society.

Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism: What is prejudice? -

Neg. attitude toward an entire category of people Not actions but beliefs, thoughts Based on ethnocentrism + faulty generalizations Levels: o Cognitive. (beliefs) o Emotional (feelings) o Action- oriented level of prejudice (predisposition to act)

What is ethnocentrism? The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life are superior to all others What are stereotypes? - An overgeneralization associated with a racial or ethnic category that goes beyond evidence Emphasize a few traits that are assumed to apply to the entire group. How are selective perception and premature closure related to stereotyping? Selective perception: it takes a stereotype and preserves it. You pay attention to only the examples that uphold your ideas and ignore the ones that conflict with it o Ex) if you think Asians are bad at driving, you attribute that to all asians Premature perception: it again always stereotypes to preserve. Shutting down, believing you have all the answers already o Ex) nothing will change your mind

Be able to differentiate the different levels of prejudice 1) Cognitive level (belief) a. Ex) Asians cant drive 2) Emotional level (emotionally driven thoughts) a. Ex) these DAMN MEXICANS 3) Action oriented level (predisposition to act; but not action) a. Ex) next time I see a Japanese person I will do ______. How do psychological and sociological theories differ in regards to explaining prejudice? Sociology addresses the relationship between personal troubles, social issues, and historical and cultural factors that affect the intersection of the individual and society Psychology focuses on the individual, their personal histories and their current relationship and psyche. Be familiar with the major theories that explain prejudice. ● Personality centered approaches (answer lies within the individual) ● Culture-based approaches (learning prejudice from the social environment) ● Power / conflict approaches (competition leads to prejudice) Know what projection, scapegoat, and authoritarian personality mean -

Projection: seeing in other characteristics we can’t admit that we have. o Ex) repression hypothesis: those most homophobic were most turned on by gay porn Scapegoating: picking a target to displace anger o Ex)Japanese automobile industry was outgoing American, Vincent Chin was at a strip club the night before his marriage and two men harassed him, then followed him out, beat him to death for “taking their jobs” he was Chinese not Japanese but it didn’t matter, displaced anger. Authoritarian: try to use discrimination/prejudice to cope with early childhood relationships with dominant parents

Know some ways to reduce prejudice (e.g., media, education, and equal status contact hypothesis) 1) The media 2) Education; some say must start younger because racism is too ingrained by college age 3) Increased interaction in equal status, intensive interactions, noncompetitive relationships, cooperative tasks ex. Military. Ex. The Color of Fear What are the five characteristics of a scapegoat? 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Highly visible physical appearance Not strong enough to fight back Situated within easy access Past target of hostility Symbol of unpopular concept

What is discrimination? Denial of opportunities and equal rights to individual and groups based on group membership. o Verbal expression o Acting out on your prejudice

Be familiar with the various levels of discrimination 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Verbal expression Avoidance Exclusion Physical abuse Extermination

Be familiar with dominant group responses to minority groups ● Racism, discrimination and prejudice

● Extermination ○ most extreme way to deal with a minority group ○ ex) genocide (deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. an ethnic cleansing) ● Expulsion ○ dominant group may choose to force a specific subordinate group to leave certain areas or even vacate the country ○ ex) native Americans ● Secession ○ group ceases to be a subordinate group when it secedes to form a new nation or moves to an already established nation, where it becomes the dominant ● Segregation ○ physical separation of two groups in residence, workplace, and social functions ○ the dominant group imposes segregation on a subordinate group ● Fusion ○ the dominant and subordinate group combine to create an entirely new cultural group A+B+C=D ● Assimilation ○ process by which a subordinate individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and is eventually accepted as part of that group A+B+C=A ● Pluralism ○ implies that various groups in society have mutual respect for one another's culture, a respect that allows minorities to express their own culture without suffering negative consequences (eg prejudice and discrimination) A+B+C=A+B+C

What are the four types of discrimination? 1) Isolate discrimination a. Harmful action by an individual without support of other groups i. Ex) one person says a slur 2) Small group discrimination a. Harmful action by a small number of people, acting in concert against a subordinate group without support from members of a society i. Ex) kkk 3) Direct institutionalize discrimination a. Organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that has

negative impact on minority groups. CODIFIED By LAW i. Ex) jim crow laws (separate but equal) 4) Indirect institutionalized discrimination a. Organizationally prescribed or community prescribed norms and regulations that don’t have the intent to harm minority groups, but do i. Ex) no child left behind, poor POC school don’t do as well on tests, receive less funding, don’t do as well it’s a cycle. Know the adaptations to prejudice and discrimination 1) Passive acceptance a. If the power of an ethnic group is small and the magnitude of the discrimination great, members have no choice but to accept i. Ex) native Americans in some cases 2) Marginal participation a. Subordinate ethnic population find niche where they can use their creative resources and prosper i. Ex) the Chinese in chinatowns 3) Assimilation a. Members of the ethnic group become part of broader culture and society, losing distinctive character i. Ex) Irish 4) Withdrawal a. Members of ethnic group withdraw and create a self sustaining society within broader society—not cut all ties i. Ex) black separatist goal 5) Revolt and rebellion a. Members of an ethnic group do engage in acceptance, participation, assimilation, withdrawal, but instead they rebel and can be hostile and aggressive towards majority. This can take many forms. i. Ex) LA riot of 1992, Korean owned businesses burned to the ground, started with black girl who stole orange juice being shot. 6) Organized protest

a. Groups organize to make broad based and concerted efforts to change patterns of discrimination i. Ex) BLM What is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination (Merton’s typology)?

Prejudice can lead to discrimination and Discrimination can lead to prejudice but they may not be related. - All weather liberal (no prejudice/nondiscriminatory) - Reluctant liberal (no prejudice/discriminatory) - Timid bigot (prejudice/nondiscriminatory) - All weather bigot (prejudice/discriminatory) What is racism? - An ideology that considers a groups interchangeable characteristic to be linked in a direct way to psychological or intellectual characteristics and that, on a basis, distinguished between superior and inferior raci...