Exam 1 study guide PDF

Title Exam 1 study guide
Course World History I
Institution Auburn University
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HIST 1010 Study Guide for the First Exam Spring 2017 Dr. Morris Bian

I. I will test your knowledge of facts as well as your understanding of IDEAS, ARGUMENTS, and EXPLANATIONS. Consequently, you need to study not only the terms listed on this study guide but also the ideas, concepts, arguments, and explanations presented in the lectures. A firm grasp of the lecture material is CRUCIAL for a solid performance. As the syllabus indicates, the first exam will take place on Friday, February 10, during the regular class hour. II. So far as the BOOK QUESTIONS are concerned, you should be thoroughly familiar with the who, what, when, where, and why of Prophet Muhammad’s life. What are the basic facts of his life? What are the nature, structure, and organization of Arab society? How does the Muslim community evolve? What are the key terms and concepts? What are the author’s main ideas, arguments, and explanations? III. Be sure to understand the meaning AND significance of the following terms discussed in the lectures: Primary tradition: Administrative centralization Secondary tradition Defining moment : where major civilizations developed their defining or distinguishing characteristics (creative minorities) Creative minorities: political, intellectual and religious leaders/thinkers who helped shaped and define their civilization Resource endowments Civilization: A form of human culture characterized by the existence of cities, a distinct religious structure, a new political and military structures, a new social structure and writing. Characteristics: urban revolution, a distinct religious structure, new political and military structures, a new social structure, a writing system Bureaucracy : Refers to administration of a government chiefly through bureaus of departments staffed with nonelected or appointed officials. More broadly it refers to a type of human society characterized by the existence of and dominance by such a bureaucracy Mesopotamia: first civilized society in west Asia Tigris : River on right portion of Mesopotamia Euphrates: River on the left portion of Mesopotamia Sumer: earliest known civilization in southeast Mesopotamia Sumerians : the dominate people of Mesopotamia City-States :The increased amount of competition between cities caused the formation of city-states who were responsible for building defense, irrigation , temples etc. Sargon: Man who established the Akkadian Empire which was the first regional empire in Mesopotamia Akkadian Empire: FIRST regional empire in Mesopotamia ( political unite having extensive territory) Babylonian Empire: Following sargon was the next empire after the Akkadian empire using the Bureaucratic form of government Code of Hammurabi : most complete and extensive Mesopotamian Law- penal law prescribed death penalties for crimes such as murder, civil law provided regulations on prices, wages and commercial transaction, MARKED THE TRANSITION OF MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY FROM ONE GOVERNED PRIMARILY BY CUSTOMS AND CONVENTIONS TO ONE GOVERENED PRIMARILY BY BUREAUCRATIC LAWS Cuneiform : system of writing by the Sumerians- reed stylist

Medes : ancient Iranian people who lived in the Northwester portions of present-day Iran- nomadic tribe who invaded the Assyrian Empire- established dominant position by creating Median Empire but were overthrown by the Persians Persians: ancient Iranian people who live in present-day Iran. Defined by use of Persian language : centralization was primary political tradition- created Empire by overthrowing Medes (Acheamenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Sasanid) Achaemenid Dynasty Cyrus Darius: formation of administrative centralization; ordered construction of capital Persepolis, Invasion of Persia by Alexander the Great (destroying Persepolis), appointed governers to serve as agents of the central administration and oversee affairs in different regions, imperial officals ( serves as spies to monitor who was out of line or obtaining too much power) Centralize/Centralization: bring under a single, central authority; process of bringing administrative power under a single, central, and typically imperial authority Persepolis: the capital of the Persian Empire- destroyed by the Alexander the Great Satrapy : a province/state in Persian Empire Satrap: The governor of the province/state Zoroaster: creator of Zoroastrianism- received visions Ahura Mazda: supreme deity of Zoroastrianism- Zoroaster experienced visions and was going to teach beliefs to people of Persia Angra Mainyu: the Evil/Destructive Spirit Zoroastrianism: created by Zoroaster who received visions from Ahura Mazda (the supreme deity)- good words, good thoughts, good deeds- didn’t call for the renunciation of the world in order to get in heaven but souls do undergo judgement Beliefs: the encouragement of high moral standards, belief in supernatural forces promoting good and evil, doctrine that individuals will undergo judgement, belief in a system of future rewards and punishments, conviction that forces of good will ultimately prevail over those of evil Monotheism: Doctrine or belief that there is only one God Magi : the class of priests- they preserved teachings (first orally and then wrote) and made a calender Avesta: the magi were committed their teaching to writings Bedouins : nomadic people who occupied the peninsula for centuries Mecca: where Muhammad was born Khadija : employer and future wife of Muhammad Quran: means recitations- central tent/doctrine of new faith- was submission to the one and only true deity called Allah- governed the whole universe and recognition of other gods amounted to wickedness (emergence of a monotheistic religion) Allah Muhammad: was the last prophet according to Islam Islam: submission to the will of Allah Muslim: one who submits to Islam Ka’ba : the cubic stone structure that houses a black rock- home of a powerful deity Medina: the city of the Prophet- where Muhammad migrated after leaving Mecca Umma: community of the faithful- refers to the whole community of Muslims bound together by ties of religion – provided social and legal code, lead them in daily prayers, political, military, and spiritual leader Theocracy/Theocratic State: form of government in which official policy is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who regarded as divinely guided. Hajj: holy pilgrimage to Ka’ba (first in 632)

Caliph: a leader of an Islamic Polity, regarded as Muhammad’s successor and by tradition always male Abu Bakr : the first Caliph- a wealthy merchant from Mecca also the second to follow Muhammad and followed hum during the migration Umayyad Dynasty : rival Muslim Faction- succeeded in establishing a Muslim Dynasty – First Islamic Empire – started to confront problems in government and administration – allowed different religious groups to practice but imposed a tax on religious groups for people who didn’t convert Abbasid Dynasty: a rebellion in Persia that brought the Umayyad Dynasty to an end- after defeating them invited the rulers of Umayyad to banquet and killed them all – designed institutions, emphasized the importance of centralized administrative bureaucracy (handle most of the business of the government and had bureaus for recordkeeping, communications, taxation and allocation and disbursement of funds Abu-al-Abbas: the rebel leader and founder of the Abbasid Dynasty Baghdad: in order to further centralized created this new capital Ulama: people with religious knowledge (religious scholars)- had a formal education in Islamic religion and law, can be educators, lawyers, judges, scholars etc. Revealed Knowledge: the word of God revealed through the Prophet Muhammad- Hadith and Sharia Hadith: the saying and doings of Prophet Muhammad Sharia: religious law extracted from Quran and Hadith and codified law Rational Knowledge: knowledge gained through reason or acquired by logical argument- dealt with science, technology, humanities and arts of government- drawn from Persian, Indian, and Greek sources along with expansion of Islamic empire and subsequently translated into Arabic Arabic Numerals: descended from Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians which were adopted by Persian mathematicians in India and passed on to the Arabs further west Mystical Knowledge: belief in intuitive spiritual revelations- belief that personal communication or union with the divine is achieve through intuition, faith or sudden insight rather than through rational thought Sufism: belief in intuitive spiritual revelation: the belief that personal communication or union with the divine is achieved through intuition, faith, sudden insight rather than rational thought Sufi: one who believe in intuitive spiritual revelation: the belief that personal communication or union with the divine is achieved through intuition, faith or sudden insight rather than through rational thought- A SUFI SERVES AS A SAINT IN ISLAMIC SOCIETY Madrasa: it refers to building or group of buildings used for teaching Islamic theology and law, typically including a library or a mosque- refers to a college or an educational institution- center for legal studies during the 11th and 12th centuries Sunnis Muslims (85% of all Muslims) believe that the first three Caliphs were all legitimate successors of Prophet Muhammad and that guidance on belief and life should come from Quran not from a human authority or spiritual leader Shiite Muslims: (15% of all Muslims) believed Ali, a cousin and son-in-law pf Prophet Muhammad should be the first Caliph- began as a movement of political opposition to the early successor to Muhammadthey calmed that the only legitimate successor to the Prophet was the descendant of his cousin and sonin-law Ali Ali : the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad that the Shiite believe should be the first Caliph Grand Vizier: Chief of Administration- chancery for correspondence communications and record-keeping. Bureaus for tax collection and revenue generation, bureaus for Allocation and disbursement of Funds Military patronage state: the state was structured as a vast military institution. All state function were absorbed into the royal military household and within the military household bureaucrats and religious functions were ranked and paid like military elite-appoint and dismissed military officials at will, make use of resources received from conquests, obligation to protect and patronized existing culrual establishments, competed to attract useful resources

Ottoman Empire: Mongols who overthrew the Abbasid Dynasty and created a new Islamic empire – Ottoman Turks Anatolia: where the Turkic people migrated Seljuk Turks: first to inhabit Dominant Anatolia and to establish a dynasty Osman: leader of a group of Turks whose leadership proved successful at defeaeting the Byzantine Empire and other smaller states Emirates: a nation or territory ruled by an emir (term that refers to prince, chieftain or governor in West Asia) Bursa: city that the Ottoman empire overthrew and served as the capital Ottoman Dynasty Sultan: ruler of a Muslim Country Topkapi Palace: home of the armed forces, the administrative bureaucracy and learned institution staffed by the Ulama Harem : private domain in the Topkai palace where Sultan’s concubines lived (concubine: a women who was contracted to a man as a secondary wife, often having few legal rights and low social status Mehmed the Conqueror : created the Law of Fratricide which solved the problem of succession Law of fratricide: designed to prevent civil war in order to decide who was going to take the throne Sultan Murad: the first emperor who created janissaries Janissaries: slave troops of the Ottoman empire Devshirme: a recruitment and training system under the ottoman Empire which required each province to furnish a levy of Christian boys who were raised as Muslims and became soldiers in the Ottoman army or officials in the Ottoman Bureaucracy ( each family had to give one boy)- since recruited when little they would convert to Islam and depend entirely on the Ottoman for their livelihood – offered great opportunities for upward social mobility Divan: imperial council under the Ottoman Empire- where state affairs were discussed and the business of running the Ottoman Empire was carried out. – consisted of Grand Vizier, viziers and other leading officals- met weekly to deliberate on the political, administrative and religious affairs of state Crete: first major greek civilization Arthur Evans : came to crete to confirm his theory about an ancient writing system Minoan Civilization: evans named the first civilization of crete Minoan after Minos the legendary kinglack of any protective fortifications, great traders and merchants, collapse because of result of invasion by Mainland greeks (mycenaens) Knossos: monumental architecture at Knossos of the Minoan civilization Mycenaean Civilization: fortified site first excavated by an Amateur German archaeologist Schliemann – adopted the Linear A script of Crete, transformed into own making it Linear B Schliemann: German archaeologist who first fortified the Mycenaean civilization Dark Age: constant internal warfare and political, economic and social depression- period of sustained systemic crisis- little to no artifacts, ruins or other traces Polis: a small but autonomus political unit in which all major, political, social and religious activities were carried out at one central location- fundamental institution in Greek society by the 8 th century Chief Archon Solon: allowed aristocrats to keep their lands, cancelled debts, forbade debt slavery, and liberated those already enslaved for debt, provided representation for the common class in the Athenian government- reforms established a basic framework for a resolution of Athens social tensions and class conflict Tyrants: a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional way and was not subject to law Cleisthenes: resisted the attempt to reestablish an aristocratic oligarchy- undertook reforms which established basis for Athenian democracy Democracy: government by the people, exercised either directly or through representatives

Aristocracy: government by ruling class, especially a hereditary nobility Monarchy : government by a monarch- a ruler of a state, such as a king of early modern France Oligarchy: government by a few, especially by a small fraction of persons or families Tyranny : government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power and authority Anarchy: a lack of government or absence of any form of political authority Constitutional Government: a state in which government authority in limited or regulated by a constitution Assembly of Male Citizens: final authority in passing of laws Council of Five Hundred: in charge of foreign and financial affairs and the preparation for the agenda for the Assembly of All Male Citizens- provided continuity in the government Acropolis: a fortified citadel of a city in ancient Greece...


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