Exam 13 April 2014, questions and answers PDF

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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research

Topic Experimental Ablation

Question Type Multiple Choice

Fill-In

Factual

Conceptual

1,2,4,8,13,21,22,25, 3.5.6.7.927,28,33,35,36,39,44, 12,14,15,17,19,20,23, 55,56,57 26,29-32,34,38.4043,45-47,49-52,54

Application 16,18,24,37,48, 53,55,58

1-8

Essay Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity

Neurochemical Methods

Genetic Methods

Multiple Choice

62-68

59-61,69, 7073,78,79,80

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9-14

Essay

6,7

Multiple Choice

83,84,86,88

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15-18

Essay

9

8

Multiple Choice

89,90,83,94

91.92

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19-20

Essay

10

85,87

1 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

66,77,81

Multiple-Choice Questions 5.1-1. Mr. B. suffered a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in his brain after ingesting a neurotoxin. Which of the therapies below was successful in restoring his motor function? a. injection of fetal nigrostriatal neurons into Mr. B.’s caudate nucleus and putamen b. oral ingestion of L-DOPA c. oral ingestion of cocaine and amphetamine d. infusion of dopamine directly into Mr. B.’s caudate nucleus and putamen e. injection of radioactive L-DOPA Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-1 Page Ref: 131 Topic: Opening Vignette Skill: Factual Answer: a. injection of fetal nigrostriatal neurons into Mr. B.’s caudate nucleus and putamen Rationale: The motor function of Mr. B was restored by an injection of fetal nigrostriatal neurons into Mr. B.’s caudate nucleus and putamen. 5.1-2. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease relate to a lack of ________ within the ________. a. dopamine; basal ganglia b. acetylcholine; hippocampus c. norepinephrine; basal ganglia d. serotonin; hippocampus e. acetylcholine; basal ganglia Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-2 Page Ref: 131 Topic: Opening Vignette Skill: Factual Answer: a. dopamine; basal ganglia Rationale: The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease relate to a lack of dopamine within the cells of the basal ganglia. 5.1-3. Which of the following is true of the experimental ablation technique? a. The technique is one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience. b. The term is derived from a word meaning “to overstimulate.” c. The technique involves stimulating brain tissue and then observing behavior. d. Tissue destroyed in the ablation technique is aspirated from the brain. e. Magnetic stimulation of the brain is an example of the ablation technique. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-3 2 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page Ref: 132 Topic: Experimental Ablation Skill: Conceptual Answer: e Rationale: The experimental ablation technique is one of the oldest methods used in neuroscience. 5.1-4. One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is a. immunocytochemistry. b. stereotaxic surgery. c. autoradiography. d. experimental ablation. e. twin-study methods. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-4 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Experimental Ablation Skill: Factual Answer: d. experimental ablation. Rationale: One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is experimental ablation. 5.1-5. Which of the following is a rationale for lesion studies? a. The change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area. b. Lesions are easily made within the brain. c. Brain lesions are specific for fibers of passage. d. Brain lesions reliably produce marked changes in behaviors. e. Brain lesions allow for activation of behavioral circuits. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-5 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. The change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area. Rationale: The rationale for the ablation technique is that changes in behavior that follow a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area. 5.1-6. Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior? 3 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. Brain lesions are difficult to produce in animals. b. The lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior. c. Behaviors are difficult to monitor reliably in animals. d. Each brain structure is isolated from the others. e. Since only 10 percent of the brain is in use, there is only a 10 percent chance that damaging a structure will induce a behavioral change. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1-6 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. The lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior. Rationale: A key problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior is that the lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior. 5.1-7. Circuits within the brain perform a. independent behaviors. b. a single behavior that is functional for the organism. c. reflexes that can be excitatory or inhibitory. d. a function that contributes to a behavior. e. are organized as “centers” that control behaviors. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1-7 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. a function that contributes to a behavior. Rationale: Circuits within the brain perform a function that contributes to a behavior. 5.1-8. Infusion of ________ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation. a. cocaine b. GABA c. lidocaine d. muscimol e. kainic acid Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1-8 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions 4 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Skill: Factual Answer: e. kainic acid Rationale: Infusion of kainic acid into brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation. 5.1-9. Imagine that feeding behavior was eliminated when a radio-frequency lesion was used to damage the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, which suggested that cells within this region initiate feeding. If a subsequent study failed to observe a change in feeding after injection of kainic acid into the lateral hypothalamus, what conclusion would be appropriate? a. Glial cells within the lateral hypothalamus are key for the control of eating. b. The changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus. c. The changes in eating are due to damage to cell bodies within the lateral hypothalamus, and these act to initiate eating. d. The lateral hypothalamus functions to inhibit eating. e . Th ei n v e s t i g a t o rs h o u l dh a v ec h o s e nad i ffe r e nti n h i b i t o r ya mi n oa c i d . Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1-9 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. The changes in eating noted in the first study are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus. Rationale: The changes in eating noted in the first study (using RF lesions) are due to fibers that are passing through the lateral hypothalamus. 5.1-10. The ________ technique creates a brain lesion by killing neurons through overstimulation. a. aspiration b. hypoxia c. kainic acid d. 6-hydroxydopamine e. radio-frequency current Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-10 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. kainic acid Rationale: The kainic acid technique creates a brain lesion by killing neurons through 5 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

overstimulation. 5.1-11. A lesion technique that is selective for cell bodies involves a. aspiration of tissue using a pipette. b. overstimulation of glutamate receptors by kainic acid. c. the flow of alternating current at the tip of an electrode. d. the flow of electrical current through an electrode. e. cutting of brain tissue using a retractable knife. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-11 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. overstimulation of glutamate receptors by kainic acid. Rationale:A lesion technique that is selective for cell bodies involves overstimulation of glutamate receptors by kainic acid. 5.1-12. A key advantage of ________ lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region. a. hypoxic b. aspiration c. 6-hydroxydopamine d. radio-frequency e. excitotoxic Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-12 Page Ref: 132 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: e. excitotoxic Rationale: A key advantage of excitotoxic lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region. 5.1-13. Molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific ________ that in turn will kill specific types of neurons. a. antigens b. receptors c. kainic acid d. antibodies e. autoreceptors 6 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-13 Page Ref: 133 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Factual Answer: d. antibodies Rationale: Molecular biologists have tagged toxins to specific antibodies that in turn will kill specific types of neurons. 5.1-14. A(n) ________ allows an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect. a. sham-lesion control group b. pseudo-control group c. aspiration device d. cooling electrode e . mi c r o d i a l y s i sp r o b e Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-14 Page Ref: 133-134 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. sham-lesion control group Rationale: The advantage of a sham-lesion control group is to allow an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect. 5.1-15. The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that a. axons of passage are not affected by reversible procedures. b. each animal can serve as its own control. c. cell bodies are not affected by reversible procedures. d. such lesions affect brain tissue near the tip of the lesion device. e. kainic acid is inexpensive. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-15 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. each animal can serve as its own control. Rationale: The key advantage of a reversible lesion is that each animal can serve as its own control.

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5.1- 16. Which of the following chemicals can be used to create a reversible lesion in brain tissue? a. saline b. a local anesthetic such as lidocaine c. glutamate d. flurogold e. 6-hydroxydopamine Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-16 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Applied Answer: b. a local anesthetic such as lidocaine Rationale: A local anesthetic such as lidocaine infused into a brain region will create a temporary lesion. 5.1-17. ________ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery. a. The fornix b. The optic chiasma c. Bregma d. The parasagittal sutures e. The zero point Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-17 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Stereotaxic Surgery Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Bregma Rationale: Bregma is a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery. 5.1-18. A temporary disruption of neural activity within a region of brain can be produced by a. using a knife to cut brain tissue. b. using an injection of muscimol into the brain region. c. local heating of the brain using radiofrequency waves. d. injection of kainic acid. e. stimulation of bregma. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-18 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Producing Brain Lesions Skill: Applied 8 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer: b. using an injection of muscimol into the brain region. Rationale: An injection of muscimol can temporarily inactivate a brain region. 5.1-19. The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to a. anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates. b. drill-bit diameter, length, and approximate size of lesion. c. the settings on a stereotaxic apparatus for mice versus rats. d. the strain, age, and weight of an animal. e. camparison of coordinates for rats, primates, and humans. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-19 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Stereotaxic Surgery Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates. Rationale: The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas refer to anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral, and medal-lateral coordinates. 5.1-20. Of the following, which term does not belong with the other four terms? a. electrical stimulation of the brain b. visual examination of a stained section c. cutting the brain d. staining the brain e. fixing the brain Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-20 Page Ref: 134-136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. electrical stimulation of the brain Rationale: Electrical stimulation activates neurons whereas the other techniques involve assessing brain damage. 5.1-21. The surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed a a. stereotaxic apparatus. b. electroencephalogram. c. cryoloop. d. macroelectrode. e. magnetrode. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-21 9 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Page Ref: 134-135 Topic: Stereotaxic Surgery Skill: Factual Answer: a. stereotaxic apparatus. Rationale: A stereotaxic apparatus is used to implant an electrode or cannula into the rat brain. 5.1-22. Successive pages of a stereotaxic atlas refer to a. various distances relative to the bottom of the brain. b. the distance from the top of the skull. c. various distances relative to bregma. d. various distances relative to the midline. e. horizontal sections of the brain. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-22 Page Ref: 134 Topic: Stereotaxic Surgery Skill: Factual Answer: c. various distances relative to bregma. Rationale: Successive pages of a stereotaxic atlas refer to various distances relative to bregma. 5.1-23. Which of the following is true of stereotaxic surgery? a. A stereotaxic instrument does not require coordinates from a brain atlas. b. The carrier arm can be manipulated in two dimensions. c. The head-holder is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position. d. The stereotaxic instrument is useful for implanting magnetic coils into brain. e. The surgery can be accomplished by inserting an electrode by hand into the brain. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-23 Page Ref: 134-135 Topic: Stereotaxic Instruments Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. The head-holder is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position. Rationale: The head-holder of a stereotaxic instrument is designed to fix the skull in a rigid position. 5.1-24. The most common fixative of nerve tissue is a. saline. b. lidocaine. c. flurogold. d. kainic acid. e. formalin. 10 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-24 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Applied Answer: e. formalin Rationale: Formalin is the common nerve tissue fixative. 5.1-25. ________ refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced by another fluid, such as a salt solution. a. Microdialysis b. Perfusion c. Fixation d. Staining e. Desanguination Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-25 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Factual Answer: b. Perfusion Rationale: Persfusion refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced by another fluid, such as a salt solution. 5.1-26. Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because it a. introduces microorganisms that to help decompose the brain after death. b. halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death. c. quickly removes the blood from the brain. d. softens the brain tissue. e. produces a reversible lesion of the brain. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 5.1-26 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death. Rationale: Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because it halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death. 5.1-27. The ________ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination. 11 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

a. microtome b. stereotaxic c. cryocoil d. microiontophoretic e. microscopy Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-27 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Factual Answer: a. microtome Rationale: The microtome is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination. 5.1-28. A ________ is a thin slice of brain used in histology. a. cell fragment b. brain cut c. section d. horizontal view e. tissue segment Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-28 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Factual Answer: c. section Rationale: A section is a thin slice of brain used in histology. 5.1-29. The fine details of neuron structure in a brain slice or section are revealed by a. albumin fixation. b. stains. c. immersion in xylene. d. cyanoacrylate glue. e. visual examination of raw brain slices using MRI. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-29 Page Ref: 136 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. stains. Rationale: The fine details of neuron structure in a brain slice or section are revealed by stains of sectioned tissue. 12 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5.1-30. Of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ________ most intensely. a. dendrites b. axons c. synapses d. cell bodies e. terminal buttons Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-30 Page Ref: 137 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. cell bodies Rationale: Creyl violet intensely stains cell bodies. 5.1-31. Which of the following structures can be visualized with the light microscope? a. nucleus b. synaptic vesicles c. neurotransmitter receptors d. microtubules e. microfilaments Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-31 Page Ref: 137 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. nucleus Rationale: The nucleus can viewed using a light microscope 5.1-32. The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to as a. cytoplasm. b. amino acids. c. Nissl substance. d. gangliosides. e. nucleotides. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1-32 Page Ref: 137 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Nissl substance. 13 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Rationale: The Nissl substance is comprised of the RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in neuron cell bodies. 5.1- 33. Dyes such as methylene blue and cresyl violet were originally developed to a. stain nerve cell bodies. b. dye cloth. c. stain neuron axons. d. stain glial cells in brain. e. halt autolysis of dead nerve tissue. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 5.1- 33 Page Ref: 137 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Factual Answer: b. dye cloth. Rationale: Dyes such as methylene blue and cresyl violet were originally developed as clothing dyes. 5.1-34. Which of the following techniques can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section? a. transmission electron microscopy b. staining produced by methylene blue c. scanning electron microscopy d. an anterograde labeling method e. computational tomography Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 5.1-34 Page Ref: 137 Topic: Histological Methods Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. scanning electron microscopy Rationale: Scanning electron microscopy can reveal the three-dimensional detail of the cells within a brain section. 5.1- 35. The limit of magnification at which a light microscope can resolve the fine details of brain structure is X a. 50. b. 150. c. 900. d. 1,500. e. 5,000. 14 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All...