Test April 2014, questions and answers PDF

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Music Psychology and Appreciation...

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April 13, 2014GSSC1077

Week 7 Ted Talks video: Allan Jones on Brain mapping: 20% of oxygen coming from lungs and blood is serving brain -

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Scientists could map brain non-invasively Can see in the back, cerebellum keeps us standing Temporal cortex – auditory processing Front – complex thought and decision making Cross section: o Not a lot of structure, but there is a lot o Blank areas, 86 billion neurons in brain and non-distributed o Underlying function depends on distribution Neurons: smaller texts are support cells called astrocytes glia Nerves are receiving input, storing and processing Each is connected to other 10 000 neurons Each neuron is unique, fundamental properties – proteins, controlling everything nervous system does Encoded by genomes , 23 pair of chromosomes 25 000 genes encoded in DNA

Brain: -

20-60 aged brains collected Natural death no injury No drugs, no psychiatric disease Consent to take tissue within 24 hours of death, because RNA measurement is very labile, must move quickly (changes quickly) More male brains than female brains o More likely to have wife give consent, die in prime 1. Collect MR, standard template to hang data 2. Collect diffusion sensor imagery 3. Brain is sliced into slices Microscope slide, stains First mapping, basic anatomic assignments Frozen meat slicer Compare to tissue, laser scanning micro dissection Tech takes instructions, scribe and laser cuts and the tissue falls off. Container collects tissue Purify RNA out, and florescent tag Microarray is there the tissue goes. Unique fingerprint of what genes are turned on in sample Process repeated

April 13, 2014GSSC1077 -

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Hippocampus – learning and memory o 70% of 1000 samples What can we learn? o Drugs – Prozac and other antidepressant o Genes send instructions to make proteins o Which are targets of drugs o Learn side effects o We can see where the genes are turned on o See throughout brain the unique effect Also we can scan through the genome and find other proteins that show a similar fingerprint. Find better drug targets Tells you what but not where, this resource is important for researchers, can look at common pathways. Importance of individuality: every human has different genetic background, our genomes are greater than 99% similar Even at brain biochemical level, we are quite similar Some outliers, those genes are subtle Important: we celebrate out differences, we are quite similar Differences: Complexity: we have a far way to go Give researchers a valuable tool Going to be looking at more brains New frontier

Charles Limb: Your Brain on Improv -

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Surgeon studies creativity Similar to playing a musical instrument How is the brain able to be creative? Three musical experiments 1. Keith Jarrett, improvs entire performance jazz a. Artistic creativity is a neurologic product that can be examined using scientific methods b. How much we understand about the brain and creativity – very little, science in this is going to flourish. c. Poorly understood, neurologists have more questions than answers 2. Functional MRI – outfitted specially, takes pictures of active areas of brain 3. Bold imaging Blood oxygen Level Dependent imaging – when in fMRI scanner you’re in a big magnet, when neural area is active, blood flow is there, which causes increase with a deoxyhemoglobin change in concentration – detected but oxy can’t 4. Measuring blood flow means more active 5. Used since the 90s Jazz experiment, 35 key keyboard, inside the scanner Rests on players legs while they’re inside Sends out MIDI signal through wires then computer that give high quality sounds

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Playing music inside scanner Experiment: what happens in the brain when something is memorized and then spontaneous. Paradigms Measured number of notes Looked at brain activity Contrast maps of brain – red=area of prefrontal cortex active frontal lobe, blue=deactivated Medial prefrontal cortex went up, Lateral Prefrontal cortex went down in activity Multifunctional - Non-jazz areas – reflection, introspection, working memory Turning off: self-monitoring, turning on: autobiographical Hypothesis: to be creative, but has a dissociation in brain frontal lobe, one area turns on and big area shuts off.

Music can be done communicatively? -

Trading fours, musicians changing music When he was trading fours, improv, language areas lit up inferior frontal gyrus lit up, expressive communication When two musicians are having a musical conversation, done on 8 subjects

Rap -

Freestyle, correlations in different time periods Social function Have free style artist come in and memorize a rap Control conditions: memorized rap Memorized verses Language area lights up Free styling vs memorizing, major visual areas lights up, cerebellum activity, which is connected to motor coordination Heightened brain activity when creative

Week 8 Chapter 7 Thompson: Music and the Brain -

Individual neurons encode highly specific information (theory)

Brain: -

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Powerful biological organ o Controls movement and coordination o Stores memories o Allows us to interpret sensory input o Gives us powers of creativity, imagination, and rational thought o More than 100 billion neurons Three main parts that make up the central nervous system (CNS): o Cerebrum: largest part of the brain and is divided into right and left cerebral hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure. The hemispheres are connected to one another

April 13, 2014GSSC1077

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by the corpus callosum. The cerebrum has many ridges called gyri (gyrus) and valleys called sulci/fissures (sulcus) (Many regions have two names because of this) ▪ Outer shell contains six layers of neurons and is called the cortex, or gray matter. o Cerebellum o Brain stem o Spinal cord The CNS transmits signals to and from the rest of our body through the peripheral nervous system (PNS). More pronounced sulci provide some of the boundaries between the major brain regions or lobes: o Frontal lobe (front) ▪ Involved in many higher cognitive functions. Each hemisphere contains a frontal lobe region involved in the voluntary control of the opposite side of the body. ▪ Left side: Broca’s area: associated with language production and linked to musical functions o Temporal lobe (side) ▪ Auditory processing (Heschel’s Gyrus) ▪ Speech perception (Wernicke’s area) o Parietal lobe (top) ▪ Control of pain and touch sensations ▪ Reading, math, musical skills o Occipital lobe (back) ▪ Visual perception

Neurons -

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Basic units of information processing in the CNS and their operation requires energy (glucose) plus oxygen Primary mode of communication: action potential or spikes that propagate down fibers (axons) that link one neuron to another. White matter: large fiber tracts made up of axons that link one neuron to another

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Four common rhythmic responses

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o Iamb: weak, strong o Trochee: strong, weak o Dactyl: strong, weak, weak o Anapest: weak, weak strong Huron’s ITPRA o Preoutcome: ▪ Imagination ▪ Tension o Postoutcome: ▪ Prediction

April 13, 2014GSSC1077 ▪ Reaction ▪ Appraisal -

Chill response: a response of the brain – brain sensors, dopamine, follows the musical patterns, if unexpected then the chill response is felt.

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Metre: the measurement of music into measures of stressed and unstressed beats. Indicated in Western music notation by a symbol called time signature

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Time signature: also known as meter signature, is a notational convention used to specify how many beats are in each bar

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Explain entrainment according to Ortiz: efficient flow and communication o o

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A merging with the pulse of the music Closely related to the isomorphic principle which suggests that one’s mood should be matches to the mood of the music and gradually shifted into a desired direction

Timbre o Tone color: properties of a sound that combine to create an overall auditory identity or character. Mirror neurons and their relevance to music cognition (Ramasjkfnkdfjn)...