Exam 3 November 2011, questions and answers PDF

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UNIVERSITY of CALGARY DEPARTMENT of GEOSCIENCES GLGY 377_Petroleum Engineering Geology

Thursday, Nov 3rd, 2011

MID TERM EXAMINATION II     

There are 45 questions; each of them worth 2 points, the grade is calculated as follows: G = 10 + 45 questions * 2 points/question. Points are awarded only for the correct answers. Time allowed for the examination: 75 minutes. Select the correct answer for each question. Only the answers from the multiple choice examination form will be taken in consideration; the answers written on the pages of this brochure will not be considered.

01. Sediments accumulated under anoxic environments are characterized by ____________. a. Significant bioturbation. b. Low content of organic matter. c. Lack of bioturbation. d. Abundant fossils of benthic organisms. e. High friability. 02. Kerogen type formed through the transformation of organic matter from the higher plants. a. Sapropelic. b. Liptinic. c. Ligninic. d. Cellulosic. e. Humic. 03. Most of the methane in the Earth’s crust originated through ____________. a. Various processes happening in the mantle. b. Bacterial degradation of organic matter. c. Metamorphic processes. d. Organic matter decay at the bottom of a sedimentary basin. e. Thermal maturation of organic matter in subsurface environments. 04. The molecular structure of the gas hydrates is known as __________. a. Matrix. b. Lattice. c. Crystal network. d. Crystalline network. e. Answers c and d. 05. Oil and gas in the subsurface conditions can result from the maturation of this macromolecular complex with polymer-like structure. a. Cycloalkanes. b. Kerogen. c. Aromatics. d. Naphthenes. e. Alkanes. 06. Natural gas with relatively high content of hydrogen sulfide is known as __________. a. Sour gas. b. Wet gas. c. Sweet gas. d. Dry gas. e. Inert gas.

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07. The pressure and temperature conditions are closer to the normal conditions in this phase of organic matter evolution during burial. a. Diagenesis. b. Catagenesis. c. Metagenesis. d. Metamorphism. e. Partial melting. 08. Basin setting characterized by well-defined water stratification, which is known only from the geological record and therefore, has no equivalents in the modern sedimentary environments. a. Upwelling setting. b. Freshwater lake setting. c. Anoxic ocean event. d. Barred basin setting. e. Euxinic basin. 09. Hydrocarbon migration between two reservoir rocks in subsurface environments is known as _____________. a. Primary migration. b. Pressure-driven migration. c. Does not have a specific name. d. Secondary migration. e. Such migration of the hydrocarbons in the subsurface is not possible. 10. Which of the following substances is not a major component in the crude oil composition? a. Paraffins. b. Ketones. c. Alkanes. d. Cycloalkanes. e. Aromatics. 11. The pressure above the hydrostatic pressure in a well is known as ___________. a. Pressure gradient. b. Measured pressure. c. Dynamic pressure. d. Lithologic pressure. e. Overpressure. 12. The second in frequency element in the oil composition. a. Sulphur. b. Hydrogen. c. Phosphorus. d. Oxygen. e. Nitrogen. 13. The highest oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio is known in this kind of kerogen. a. Liptinic. b. Sapropelic. c. Liptinic and sapropelic. d. Humic. e. All the three types of kerogen present approximately the same O/C ratio (0.1-0.2). 14. Temperature value, at which all the hydrocarbons are completely expelled from the source rock. a. 60oC. b. 120oC. c. 150oC. d. 200oC. e. 225oC.

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15. What is the area in the diagram below, where aromatic intermediate oils plot?

a. 1. b. 3. c. 5. d. 6. e. 2. 16. Which of the five plots in the diagram below indicates the most altered oil?

a. C. b. A. c. E and D. d. E. e. D.

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17. Final product of the process of organic matter transformation, which is achieved after the hydrocarbons are completely expelled, during the metagenesis. a. Organic-rich shale. b. Graphite. c. Humic kerogen. d. Sapropelic kerogen. e. Coal. 18. The high mobility of the evaporites, when compared with the other rocks, in the subsurface environments is due to their _____________. a. High dissolution potential. b. Lower specific gravities. c. Small molecular sizes. d. Generally light colors. e. Tendency to form smaller crystals. 19. Which of the layers in the figure below shows graded bedding?

a. C. b. B. c. A. d. D. e. B and D. 20. The highest point of a hydrocarbon trap is known as ____________. a. Closure. b. Spill. c. Crest. d. Gas cap. e. Oil cap (if gas is dissolved in oil). 21. Hydrocarbons cannot accumulate under this point of a trap. a. Closure point. b. Crest point. c. Spill point. d. Lowest point. e. Gas/oil boundary.

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22. The diagram below shows a sill (D), which is intercalated in a succession of sedimentary layers (A-C, E-F). The most precise relative age of D is __________.

a. Younger than C and older than E. b. Younger than A, B and C. c. Older than E. d. Older than C and younger than F. e. Younger than C and older than F. 23. A hiatus represents _______________. a. The time of erosion encompassed by an unconformity. b. The sum between the time of deposition and time of erosion encompassed by a break in sedimentation. c. A gap in time. d. The missing time in a stratigraphical succession. e. The sum between the time of erosion and time of non-deposition encompassed by a break in sedimentation. 24. Which of the two rocks in the diagram below is older?

a. A. b. B. c. None of them; they have the same age. d. Most likely B. e. We cannot tell; the diagram does not provide all the necessary information. 25. A surface of erosion or nondeposition between younger and older beds that are parallel with one another is known as ____________. a. Unconformity. b. Non-conformity. c. Disconformity. d. Angular unconformity. e. Correlative unconformity.

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26. Which of the five cases in the figure below shows intertonguing strata terminations?

a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D. e. E. 27. ____________________ is the earliest period of Mesozoic era. a. Jurassic. b. Permian. c. Cambrian. d. Cretaceous. e. Triassic. 28. ____________________ is the oldest period of the Paleozoic era. a. Mississippian. b. Carboniferous. c. Pennsylvanian. d. Cambrian. e. Permian. 29. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, which are recognized only in the North American continent, are grouped as _________________ in all the other continents. a. Mesozoic. b. Carboniferous. c. Cambrian. d. Devonian. e. Ordovician. 30. An unconformity between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks is known as _______________. a. Angular unconformity. b. Hiatus. c. Disconformity. d. Nonconformity. e. Answers c and d. 31. The process through which an unstable parent nucleus is transformed into a more stable daughter nucleus is known as ____________. a. Half-life. b. Radioactive decay. c. Stable isotope decay. d. Isotope decay. e. None of the above. 32. Archean and Proterozoic eons are often grouped as supereon _______________. a. Precambrian. b. Prepaleozoic. c. Archeozoic. d. Hadean. e. Paleozoic.

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33. The first direct geophysical data are collected during this phase of oil-field development. a. Terrain acquisition. b. Geophysical exploration. c. Combined geological and geophysical exploration. d. Production. e. None of the above. 34. Natural gas that occurs separated from crude oil in the subsurface conditions is often referred to as _______________. a. Free gas. b. Condensate. c. Associated gas. d. Sour gas. e. Crust-derived methane. 35. What gaseous component of the natural gas in the subsurface conditions is of mixed, organic and inorganic, origin? a. Argon. b. Propane. c. Radon. d. Ethane. e. Carbon dioxide. 36. Oils having the specific gravity less than 10 API units are known as _______________. a. Heavy oils. b. Light oils. c. Intermediate oils. d. Answers a and c. e. Answers b and c. 37. Which of the following compounds are saturated hydrocarbons? a. Paraffins. b. Asphalts. c. Aromatics. d. Ketons. e. Esters. 38. What is the cycloalkane physical state at normal conditions of pressure and temperature? a. Liquid. b. Gaseous. c. Plastic. d. Solid. e. Answers a and c. 39. The organic matter transported into a sedimentary basin from the adjacent continental areas is known as _________________. a. Allochthonous. b. Autochthonous. c. In situ. d. Floating organic matter. e. answers b and c. 40. What phenomena can produce the water homogenization with respect to the dissolved gases in the fresh-water lake settings? a. Earthquakes. b. Tsunamis. c. Volcanic eruptions. d. Crustal movements. e. Storms.

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41. Bacterial transformation of the dead organic matter begins during this phase of burial. a. Diagenesis. b. Metagenesis. c. Catagenesis. d. Oil-window. e. Gas-window. 42. What phenomenon/situation below is not the cause of tilted hydrocarbon/water contacts? a. Trap tilting. b. Lateral facies change. c. Hydrodynamic flow. d. Differential compaction. e. Production from the nearby wells. 43. Compressional anticlines often occur in these geological settings. a. Upwelling basis. b. Plate collision zones. c. Zones with extensive faulting. d. Transform settings (plates move along each other). e. Associated with wrench faults. 44. Formation of the compactional anticlines is generated by the _______________. a. Active tectonic regime. b. Extensive basement faulting. c. Differential heating of the rocks in the subsurface due to the variable geothermal gradient. d. Occurrence of fluids in the rock pores. e. Existence of a nearby collision or subduction zone. 45. A trap formed through shallow oil degradation as a _______________. a. Stratigraphical trap. b. Structural trap. c. Diagenetic trap. d. Combination trap. e. Subtle trap.

50. These rocks are the most effective seal rocks. a. Carbonates. b. Detrital rocks. c. Evaporites. d. Shales. e. Reefal limestones.

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UNIVERSITY of CALGARY DEPARTMENT of GEOSCIENCES GLGY 377_Petroleum Engineering Geology

Thursday, Nov 3rd, 2011

MID TERM EXAMINATION II     

There are 45 questions; each of them worth 2 points, the grade is calculated as follows: G = 10 + 45 questions * 2 points/question. Points are awarded only for the correct answers. Time allowed for the examination: 75 minutes. Select the correct answer for each question. Only the answers from the multiple choice examination form will be taken in consideration; the answers written on the pages of this brochure will not be considered.

01. Sediments accumulated under anoxic environments are characterized by ____________. a. Significant bioturbation. b. Low content of organic matter. c. Lack of bioturbation. d. Abundant fossils of benthic organisms. e. High friability. 02. Kerogen type formed through the transformation of organic matter from the higher plants. a. Sapropelic. b. Liptinic. c. Ligninic. d. Cellulosic. e. Humic. 03. Most of the methane in the Earth’s crust originated through ____________. a. Various processes happening in the mantle. b. Bacterial degradation of organic matter. c. Metamorphic processes. d. Organic matter decay at the bottom of a sedimentary basin. e. Thermal maturation of organic matter in subsurface environments. 04. The molecular structure of the gas hydrates is known as __________. a. Matrix. b. Lattice. c. Crystal network. d. Crystalline network. e. Answers c and d. 05. Oil and gas in the subsurface conditions can result from the maturation of this macromolecular complex with polymer-like structure. a. Cycloalkanes. b. Kerogen. c. Aromatics. d. Naphthenes. e. Alkanes. 06. Natural gas with relatively high content of hydrogen sulfide is known as __________. a. Sour gas. b. Wet gas. c. Sweet gas. d. Dry gas. e. Inert gas.

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07. The pressure and temperature conditions are closer to the normal conditions in this phase of organic matter evolution during burial. a. Diagenesis. b. Catagenesis. c. Metagenesis. d. Metamorphism. e. Partial melting. 08. Basin setting characterized by well-defined water stratification, which is known only from the geological record and therefore, has no equivalents in the modern sedimentary environments. a. Upwelling setting. b. Freshwater lake setting. c. Anoxic ocean event. d. Barred basin setting. e. Euxinic basin. 09. Hydrocarbon migration between two reservoir rocks in subsurface environments is known as _____________. a. Primary migration. b. Pressure-driven migration. c. Does not have a specific name. d. Secondary migration. e. Such migration of the hydrocarbons in the subsurface is not possible. 10. Which of the following substances is not a major component in the crude oil composition? a. Paraffins. b. Ketones. c. Alkanes. d. Cycloalkanes. e. Aromatics. 11. The pressure above the hydrostatic pressure in a well is known as ___________. a. Pressure gradient. b. Measured pressure. c. Dynamic pressure. d. Lithologic pressure. e. Overpressure. 12. The second in frequency element in the oil composition. a. Sulphur. b. Hydrogen. c. Phosphorus. d. Oxygen. e. Nitrogen. 13. The highest oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio is known in this kind of kerogen. a. Liptinic. b. Sapropelic. c. Liptinic and sapropelic. d. Humic. e. All the three types of kerogen present approximately the same O/C ratio (0.1-0.2). 14. Temperature value, at which all the hydrocarbons are completely expelled from the source rock. a. 60oC. b. 120oC. c. 150oC. d. 200oC. e. 225oC.

2

15. What is the area in the diagram below, where aromatic intermediate oils plot?

a. 1. b. 3. c. 5. d. 6. e. 2. 16. Which of the five plots in the diagram below indicates the most altered oil?

a. C. b. A. c. E and D. d. E. e. D.

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17. Final product of the process of organic matter transformation, which is achieved after the hydrocarbons are completely expelled, during the metagenesis. a. Organic-rich shale. b. Graphite. c. Humic kerogen. d. Sapropelic kerogen. e. Coal. 18. The high mobility of the evaporites, when compared with the other rocks, in the subsurface environments is due to their _____________. a. High dissolution potential. b. Lower specific gravities. c. Small molecular sizes. d. Generally light colors. e. Tendency to form smaller crystals. 19. Which of the layers in the figure below shows graded bedding?

a. C. b. B. c. A. d. D. e. B and D. 20. The highest point of a hydrocarbon trap is known as ____________. a. Closure. b. Spill. c. Crest. d. Gas cap. e. Oil cap (if gas is dissolved in oil). 21. Hydrocarbons cannot accumulate under this point of a trap. a. Closure point. b. Crest point. c. Spill point. d. Lowest point. e. Gas/oil boundary.

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22. The diagram below shows a sill (D), which is intercalated in a succession of sedimentary layers (A-C, E-F). The most precise relative age of D is __________.

a. Younger than C and older than E. b. Younger than A, B and C. c. Older than E. d. Older than C and younger than F. e. Younger than C and older than F. 23. A hiatus represents _______________. a. The time of erosion encompassed by an unconformity. b. The sum between the time of deposition and time of erosion encompassed by a break in sedimentation. c. A gap in time. d. The missing time in a stratigraphical succession. e. The sum between the time of erosion and time of non-deposition encompassed by a break in sedimentation. 24. Which of the two rocks in the diagram below is older?

a. A. b. B. c. None of them; they have the same age. d. Most likely B. e. We cannot tell; the diagram does not provide all the necessary information. 25. A surface of erosion or nondeposition between younger and older beds that are parallel with one another is known as ____________. a. Unconformity. b. Non-conformity. c. Disconformity. d. Angular unconformity. e. Correlative unconformity.

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26. Which of the five cases in the figure below shows intertonguing strata terminations?

a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D. e. E. 27. ____________________ is the earliest period of Mesozoic era. a. Jurassic. b. Permian. c. Cambrian. d. Cretaceous. e. Triassic. 28. ____________________ is the oldest period of the Paleozoic era. a. Mississippian. b. Carboniferous. c. Pennsylvanian. d. Cambrian. e. Permian. 29. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, which are recognized only in the North American continent, are grouped as _________________ in all the other continents. a. Mesozoic. b. Carboniferous. c. Cambrian. d. Devonian. e. Ordovician. 30. An unconformity between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks is known as _______________. a. Angular unconformity. b. Hiatus. c. Disconformity. d. Nonconformity. e. Answers c and d. 31. The process through which an unstable parent nucleus is transformed into a more stable daughter nucleus is known as ____________. a. Half-life. b. Radioactive decay. c. Stable isotope decay. d. Isotope decay. e. None of the above. 32. Archean and Proterozoic eons are often grouped as supereon _______________. a. Precambrian. b. Prepaleozoic. c. Archeozoic. d. Hadean. e. Paleozoic.

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33. The first direct geophysical data are collected during this phase of oil-field development. a. Terrain acquisition. b. Geophysical exploration. c. Combined geological and geophysical exploration. d. Production. e. None of the above. 34. Natural gas that occurs separated from crude oil in the subsurface conditions is often referred to as _______________. a. Free gas. b. Condensate. c. Associated gas. d. Sour gas. e. Crust-derived methane. 35. What gaseous component of the natural gas in the subsurface conditions is of mixed, organic and inorganic, origin? a. Argon. b. Propane. c. Radon. d. Ethane. e. Carbon dioxide. 36. Oils having the specific gravity less than 10 API units are known as _______________. a. Heavy oils. b. Light oils. c. Intermediate oils. d. Answers a and c. e. Answers b and c. 37. Which of the following compounds are saturated hydrocarbons? a. Paraffins. b. Asphalts. c. Aromatics. d. Ketons. e. Esters. 38. What is the cycloalkane physical state at normal conditions of pressure and temperature? a. Liquid. b. Gaseous. c. Plastic. d. Solid. e. Answers a and c. 39. The organic matter transported into a sedimentary basin from the adjacent continental areas is known as _________________. a. Allochthonous. b. Autochthonous. c. In situ. d. Floating organic matter. e. answers b and c. 40. What phenomena can produce the water homogenization with respect to the dissolved gases in the fresh-water lake settings? a. Earthquakes. b. Tsunamis. c. Volcanic eruptions. d. Crustal movements. e. Storms.

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41. Bacterial transformation of the dead organic matter begins during this phase of burial. a. Diagenesis. b. Metagenesis. c. Catagenesis. d. Oil-window. e. Gas-window. 42. What phenomenon/situation below is not the cause of tilted hydrocarbon/water contacts? a. Trap tilting. b. Lateral facies change. c. Hydrodynamic flow. d. Differential compaction. e. Production from the nearby wells. 43. Compressional anticlines often occur in these geological settings. a. Upwelling basis. b. Plate collision zones. c. Zones with extensive faulting. d. Transform settings (plates move along each other). e. Associated with wrench faults. 44. Formation of the compactional anticlines is generated by the _______________. a. Active tectonic regime. b. Extensive basement faulting. c. Differential heating of the rocks in the subsurface due to the variable geothermal gradient. d. Occurrence of fluids in the rock pores. e. Existence of a nearby collision or subduction zone. 45. A trap formed through shallow oil degradation as a _______________. a. Stratigraphical trap. b. Structural trap. c. Diagenetic trap. d. Combination trap. e. Subtle trap.

50. These rocks are the most effective seal rocks. a. Carbonates. b. Detrital rocks. c. Evaporites. d. Shales. e. Reefal limestones.

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