Exercise Physiology lab report PDF

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chapter 9 lab report for the bio 211 lab....

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Jade Boyd BIOL 211 Lab Section 2 November 16, 2018 Exercise Physiology and Homeostasis Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to analyze the effects exercise has on the body’s physiology of respiratory rate, respiratory volume, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and the sweat rate. These are the six dependent variables of the experiment. The results of the experiment also included the respiratory rate, respiratory volume, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, and sweat rate increasing during exercise. During the rest periods of the experiment the six variable being measured decreased.

Introduction Homeostasis is the way our body stays at constant internal status no matter the conditions happening outside of the body. A few internal statuses are one’s respiratory rate, respiratory volume, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, and sweat rate. One way to alter the body’s physiological conditions is by performing exercise. While exercising, the body tries to hold internal statuses at a normal level for the body to function. During exercise, the body’s muscles are constantly consuming energy. This energy is made by a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a metabolic process in cells that releases energy. During this process glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water. When glucose and oxygen are broken down, they transfer energy to smaller molecules of ATP that can release the energy

needed by the muscles. ATP is energy that the cell is able to use for cellular work (Marion et al., 2015: 121). Respiratory rate can be described as the number of breaths a person takes in a minute. Respiratory volume can be described as the amount of air inhaled, exhaled, and stored in the lungs at any time and is measured by a bell respirometer. An individual inhales the air in the room and exhales air into the chamber inside of the bell float of the spirometer. When the air is exhaled the air builds up inside the bell float, and the float rises. When the float rises the counterweight will pull the chain up and as the chain moves around the pulley, a dial will record the amount of air accumulating in the bell in liters (Marion et al., 2015: 125). Heart rate can be described as the number of times a heart beats per minute. It can be measured by placing an index and middle finger on the radial artery on the wrist, above the thumb, or listening through the artery at the elbow with a stethoscope. Blood pressure is the measure of a person’s pressure of the blood exerting on the arterial walls and is measured by the systolic and diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure is measured when the ventricle of the heart is contracting. The diastolic pressure is represents the pressure exerted by the blood when the ventricle is filling with blood. Both are measured by a sphygmomanometer. This inflates a cuff and blood flow is constricted and the artery is squeezed shut. When the cuff slowly deflates it reaches a certain pressure when the blood is pushed by the ejection phase of the ventricle. When blood squeezes through a partially closed ventricle it causes turbulence (Korotkoff sounds) which is the first “knock” heard on the stethoscope which is the systolic pressure. When the cuff deflates the artery is no longer squeezed so there is no more turbulence, this is the diastolic pressure. A person’s sweat rate is measured by a small piece of first-aid tape and filter paper taped to a person’s forehead. The initial weight is calculated before it is taped to the forehead and then weighed after one has

exercised in order to calculate the amount of sweat produced (Marion et al., 2015: 127). The hypothesis can be described as maintaining homeostasis is due to the respiratory, circulatory, and thermoregulatory systems in the body from when a person is resting to when they exercise back to when they are resting or cooling down (Marion et al., 2015: 123). The products of cellular respiration are ATP and heat. During exercise, muscle fibers need high amounts of energy therefore need to perform cellular respiration quickly. The predicted results of the lab experiment were the rest/pre-exercise respiratory rate and volume, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, and sweat rate would all be normal levels since the participant would not be exercising. The respiratory rate and volume, heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure, and sweat rate would all increase during the exercise. And lastly it was predicted the respiratory rate and volume, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic pressure, and sweat rate would all decrease back to the normal rate during the rest/post-exercise.

Methods A volunteer was picked to pedal on a stationary bike for 12 minutes. The participant’s six dependent variables were recorded for 12 minutes, before they exercised, every four minutes. The dependent variables included the respiratory rate in breaths per minute, respiratory volume in liters per breath, heart rate measured in beats per minute and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) measured in mmHg. The respiratory rate was observed by the participant raising a finger when they inhaled. The respiratory volume was recorded by the respirometer. The heart rate was observed by a designated person holding a stethoscope to the artery inside the participant’s elbow. The blood pressure was taken by a sphygmomanometer. The sweat rate was another dependent variable and was measured with filter paper taped to the participant's forehead

and weighed before and after the participant exercised. With 15 seconds left in the four minute cycle, the timer would indicate to start measuring the participant’s dependent variables. The number they recorded was multiplied by four to make an entire minute. After 12 minutes of rest/pre-exercise the sweat rate was calculated by weighing the filter paper. The participant then cycled for 20 minutes and their dependent variables were measured again every four minutes. Then after the 20 minutes, the participants dependent variables were measured every four minutes for 12 more minutes, for the rest/post-exercise period. The participant’s level of activity was divided into three categories, pre-exercise, exercise, and post-exercise which all influenced the six independent variables that consisted of the respiratory values, sweat rate, and cardiovascular rates. They influenced the independent variable by changing the rate of each when the participant exercised.

Results Table 9-2: Calculating sweat rate. Rest/Pre-exercise

Activity

Rest/post-exercise

Dry mass (g)

23

46

36

Weight (g)

23

47

36

Mass of sweat (g)

0

1

0

Sweat rate (g/hr)

0

3

0

Table 9-3: Volunteer’s responses. Treatment

Time (min)

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)

Respiratory volume (L/breath)

Heart Rate (beats/ min)

Blood pressure: systolic (mmHg)

Blood pressure: diastolic (mmHg)

Rest/preexercise

4

12

2.5

68

122

82

8

12

2.67

68

119

83

12

16

2.67

40

119

83

16

20

2.67

72

130

82

20

20

2.67

76

141

83

24

16

2.67

68

153

79

28

16

2.67

68

130

85

Exercise

Rest/postexercise

32

20

2.67

72

110

82

36

16

2.67

56

122

72

40

12

2.67

56

119

79

44

12

2.67

44

109

81

The results that were observed were: the dry mass of the filter paper was 23 grams. During the rest and exercise there was no sweat accumulated on the filter so the wet weight, mass of sweat and sweat rate was 23. The activity level the dry mass of filter paper was 46 grams, the wet weight was 36g, the mass of sweat was 1g and the sweat rate was 3g/hr. During the rest/post-exercise the dry mass was 36g, the wet weight was 36g, the mass of sweat was 0g and the seat rate was 0g/hr. The rest exercise had the least amount of sweat and the activity and post-exercise period had very similar amounts of sweat. During the first 12 minutes of the experiment, known as the rest/pre-exercise period, the respiratory rate remained constant with 12 breaths/minute for the first four minutes, 16 breaths/minute the next eight minutes. The respiratory rate varied between 16 and 20 . For the time of 14 minutes the respiratory volume was 2.5 liters per breath but for the rest of the time it was recorded the respiratory volume remained the same at 2.67 liters per breath The heart rate

was 64 and the systolic and diastolic pressure For the time of 20 minutes the respiratory volume was 2.67L/breath, the heart rate was 76 bpm, and the blood pressure was 141/83 mmHg. For minute 24 the respiratory volume was 2.67 L/breath, the heart rate was 68 bpm, and the blood pressure was 153/79 mmHg. For the time period of 28 minutes the respiratory rate was 16 breaths/minute. The respiratory volume for 28 was 2.67 L/breath, the heart rate was 68 beats/minute, and the blood pressure was 130/85. For 32 heart rate was 20 breaths/minute, the respiratory volume was 2.67 L/breath, the heart rate was 72 beats/minute, and the blood pressure was 110/82 mmHg. The rest/post-exercise was very similar to the pre-exercise data. The respiratory rate for 36 was 16 breaths/minute, the respiratory volume was 2.67 L/breath, the heart rate was 56, and the blood pressure was 122/72. For the time period of 40-44 the respiratory rate was 12 breaths/minute, the respiratory volume was 2.67 L/breath, the heart rate was 56 and 44 bpm, and the blood pressure was 119/79 and 109/81. Discussion The predicted results that the respiratory values, heart rate, and blood pressure would rise while the participant is exercising correlated with the observed results, therefore the observed results support the hypothesis. While exercising, the body is to hold internal statuses at a normal level for the body to function. During exercise, the body’s muscles are constantly consuming energy. This energy is made by cells through a process called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a metabolic process in cells that releases energy. During this process glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water. When glucose and oxygen are broken down, they transfer energy to smaller molecules of ATP that can release the energy needed by the muscles. Confounding variables that could be found in this experiment are the participant not

breathing correctly into the the respirometer, the sphygmomanometer not working properly, and the timer not starting time with exactly 15 seconds left in the four minutes.

References

Marion, A.L., L.L. Haas, and R.W. Preszler. 2017. Individuals, Populations, and Communities Laboratory Manual, 13th edition, Macmillan Learning Curriculum Solutions, Michigan....